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Annex 2 of Background Paper - EAG on GHGs-18.12.07 …
Tags: annex 2, argonne national laboratory, background paper, eag, ecofys, energy supply, gas calculator, greenhouse gas, klaas, koop, lca methodology, lca tools, material supply, resource extraction,Pages: 5
Language: english
Created: Wed Jan 9 01:04:45 2008
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Annex 2 of Background Paper - EAG on GHGs-18.12.07 RSB; GHG WG- Summary of the Feedback for the LCA tools
Name of the methodology/tool: TEAM/DEAM GREET 1.8 and 2.8 Developed by UNICAMP RTFO Carbon Reporting Methodology Greenhouse Gas Calculator for Biofuels
Developer: Ecobilan, France Argonne National Laboratory E4tech (with input from experts and stakeholders) Carlo Hamelinck and Klaas Koop, both Ecofys
1. For which industries/products was this It is an LCA methodology/tool that can be applied for biofuels It is an LCA methodology/tool that can be applied for
tool designed? too biofuels too It is just for biofuels It is just for biofuels It is just for biofuels
The methodology is capable of being used to assess the carbon
Energy supply, resource extraction, material supply, intenisty of all liquid and gaseous biofuels - existing and known
chemicals, metals, agriculture, waste management services, future chains (e.g. renewable electricity to hydrogen). It's "public
Comments transport. DEAM is an LCA commercial database that offers The procedure was prepared for ethanol production from sugar face" (i.e. through the Technical Guidance released by the UK
LCI data for over 300 economic activities: chemicals, The model has been develoed for systematically evaluate cane, in Brazil. The model was established to evaluate GHG Government) is constrained to just those biofuels currently
processes and transportations. DEAM is not a stand-alone energy and emission effects of transportation fuels and emissions in the sugar cane to ethanol production, in the entering the UK market. Fossil fuels are excluded from the it could be addapted relatively simply to include other
database. It requires TEAM LCA software. vehicle technologies. conditions of Brazil Center-South. scope, but used as a reference system. uses of bioenergy (Power, Heat).
2. Who is going to use the model (the
producer, an administrator or someone else?) Each one who is involved in the biofuel chain Each one who is involved in the biofuel chain No information Each one who is involved in the biofuel chain Each one who is involved in the biofuel chain
The methodology was designed to make it possible to assess the
carbon intensity of any product in a biofuel chain (e.g. a parcel of
wheat, a batch of vegetable oil etc.) and therefore be used by Basically, the party that has the obligation to report
Comments anyone in the chain. The Technical Guidance (and associated on the GHG performance of its biofuels, will have to
The model has been used by governmental agencies, software) is primarily intended to be used by biofuel producers - use the methodology / tool. They could send the tool
reserach institutions, NGOs, the auto industry, the energy but we know it is also likely to be used by fossil fuel companies, to their suppliers to fill in parts on feedstock or
industry, and alternative transportation fuels industry. as well as oilseed and other commodity traders. international transport.
3. What kind of software is used? TEAM Excel; Visual Basic; C Sharpe Excel See below Excel, Visual Basic
The methodology is, in its official form, text based (in a format
which can be quickly and easily assembled in Excel). The
Comments software currently being developed is written in Delphi (it exist as
The model is developed with the above software. The user a stand alone tool requiring no other software, except for
needs to have MS Excel in order to apply the model. Windows)
4. Is it free ? No Yes No information Yes No information
If not, how much does it cost? Licence cost for TEAM
The GREET model is available for its website (simply If the Government decides to use this tool, it will
Comments goolgle GREET will take one to the website). become free.
5. Is it transparent / well documented? Depending on dataset Yes Yes Yes Yes
The full methodology and all default values used are published
and freely available on the web. Referencing of default values is
One of the reports issued (2004: Macedo, IC; Leal, M R L V; currently being improved to ensure full traceability back to original Accompanied by a Technical Specification (TS) that
"Assessment of GHG Emissions in the Production and Use of sources. Both the methodology and default values were explains methodology as unambiguous as possible.
Yes, users can see and change all assumptions. Several Fuel Ethanol in Brazil", prepared for the SMA, State of S Paulo)) developed in a stakeholder intensive process - however, there TS also describes many predefined supply chains,
Justification major reports are available at the GREET website. included all the formulas used and the default values. was definitely a UK-bias in the participation of stakeholders. which are included in the tool as defaults.
Comments
Bioethanol (from sugar cane, sugar beet, molasses, wheat, corn);
Biodiesel (produced in either an esterification process or a
hydrogenation process from oilseed rape, soya beans and palm.
Bioethanol (corn, sugar cane, switchgrass, fast growing And, esterification process only: used cooking oil / tallow); ETBE
trees, crop residues, forest residues.), Biodiesel (from all the sources of ethanol mentioned above. Two separate Bioethanol (from wheat, sugar beet, sugar cane,
(Soybeans); ETBE (From ethanol with a varity of ethanol cases are defined: where the isobutene is taken from an existing straw); Biodiesel (from rapeseed, palm oil, soybeans,
feedstocks); MTBE (From natural gas to methanol and refinery (and the ETBE is therefore displacing MTBE) and where used vegetable oil); ETBE (from all ethanol); MTBE
6. What types of biofuels are considered then to MTBE); Fitscher-Tropsch diesel and DME from the isobutene is from a non-refinery source); Biomethane (any (from methanol); Biomethanol (from glycerin); Pure
(please, mention the feedstock too)? coal, natural gas, and cellulosic biomass. Bioethanol waste feedstock) plant oil (from rapeseed)
There are not included biofuel pathways. However,
Comments practitioners can create the above material if they have
process information.
a. Could this model be extended to more
feedstocks and/or more biofuels chains? Yes Yes No information Yes Yes
The first step is, a knowledgeable user has to define which steps
make up the fuel chain (e.g. crop production + conversion +
transport + conversion etc). The second step, is for a
knowledgeable user to double check to ensure all relevant
sources of GHG emissions are included within the scope of the
If yes, what has to change to make this Users can expand the GREET model in Excel or use defined fuel chain. Finally, and optionally, default values can be
possible? Practitioners create feedstock and more biofuel chains. certain established cells to simulate a new pathway. set for all of the sources of GHG emissions Only database editing
Comments The model developed in Excel is expandable by users
after they get familiar with the model structure in Excel.
7. Which are the limits of the system? Something else Root to wheel Root to wheel Root to tank Root to tank
There are no limits of the system.
a. If root to weel, could it be examined the
root to tank and the tank to wheel separately? Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
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Annex 2 of Background Paper - EAG on GHGs-18.12.07 RSB; GHG WG- Summary of the Feedback for the LCA tools
Comparison with fossil is at yet still only km based.
Gasoline engines, diesel engines, hybrid electric vehicles, Both WTW energy use and GHG emissions are
b. What type of vehicle, technology, plug-in hybrids, fuel cell vehicles, battery-powered electric evaluated. It is intended to include MJ based (fuel
exhaust emissions are considered? vehicles; cars and light-duty trucks. The full E-100, the E-20/24, and the flex-fuel engine delivered) comparison.
The system limits include the sugar cane production,
harvesting, transportation, industrial conversion and storage at
Comments the sugar mill. So it is a "well to tank" calculation, as far as
GHG emissions are concerned. End use evaluation (we use
three different engines: the full E-100, the E-20/24, and the flex-
Full cycle of transportation fuels including biofuels fuel engine, with any proportion) is also presented.
8. What GHG are included? CO2, CH4, N2O, PFC, HFC, SF6 CO2, CH4, N2O No information CO2, CH4, N2O CO2, CH4, N2O
VOC, CO, and NOx are treated in GREET as optional It is possible to include more, but that would require
Comments All GHGs GHGs. Particles can be treated as GHG as well. some programming.
Energy use in Btu per million Btu, emissions in grams per
9. Which is the functional unit ? (e.g. million Btu; energy use in btu per mile, emissions in
CO 2 eq/MJ, CO 2 eq/km etc) It depends on a study or a practitioner. grams per mile. No information grams CO2e / MJ CO2eq/km, MJ/km
Fossil fuel reference system is used to estimate the direct GHG
savings of a biofuel in percentage terms - this is done by
Gasoline and diesel vehicles fueled with petroleum-based comparing the carbon intensity (i.e. in grams CO2e / MJ) of a fossil gasoline and fossil diesel. Others are possible,
10. What are you using as reference system ? It depends on a study or a practitioner. gasoline and diesel. No information biofuel with that of the fossil fuel it displaces. e.g. etbe could be compared to mtbe.
Used JRC / EUCAR / CONCAWE study.
An explicit assumption is made that (at the low level blends we
a. What are the main assumptions are likely to see in the UK) 1 MJ of biofuel replaces 1 MJ of fossil
regarding the fossil reference system? No information Mix of conventional crude and Canadian oil sands. No information fuel. Complete supply chain of fossil, refered to JRC study
Substitution (Where this would not "lead to
problems", evaluated case by case); Substitution
Substitution (Prefered approach, in reality not always possible with market study (Ideally yes. But not included in
due to lack of market information... but can be worked towards); the development (which focusses on the principles));
11. What kind of allocation approach does it Substitution with market study with hypothesis on markets; Allocation (in most instances, since substitution is
Substitution with market study with fixed credits (Based on the co- often problematic); Allocation by market value (Since
use (if more than one approach is used, Substitution with market study, with market study with product and it's use - i.e. a different credit is given for DDGS this drives the actor's actions); Something else (the
please determine where each approach is hypothesis on market, with market study with fixed depending on its use: animal feed, co-firing in coal fired power tool can deal with substitution or allocation, provided
used)? It depends on a study or a practitioner. credits; Allocation by energy, by market value, by mass No information plant etc.); Allocation by market value that the right data is availble)
GHG emissions and energy use are the impacts assessed.
The specific impacts evaluated are:
-In the cane production sector:
--Fossil fuel direct utilization:
---Soil preparation/cultivation for plant cane
---Cane planting
---Cane Harvesting, loading and transportation
---Soil cultivation for ratoon cane
---Stillage and filter cake transportation
---Fertilizer transportation and distribution
--Methane and N2O emissions from cane burning It covers all steps in the chain, however, there are some specific
--N2O emissions from nitrogen fertilizers (including stillage, exclusions made:
cake) - GHG emissions embodied in equipment (throughout the chain
--Embedded energy in input materials production (fertilizers, - any contributions from the 3 Kyoto exotic GHGs
insecticides, herbicides, etc) - Emissions from chemicals used in conversion plants which
--Embedded energy in agricultural equipment would contribute less than 1 percent of total fuel chain emissions Chains can be composed of multiple steps, starting
-In the cane transformation sector (industry): We have used the following steps to define fuel chains: crop with feedstock production followed by conversion and
12. What parameters does the methodology --Embedded energy in all equipment and industrial installations production, waste material collection*, electricity generation*, pre- transport steps in any order. Within each step, there
Note that all the energy for process is supplied by cane biomass (bagasse). (currently called drying and storage), conversion,
processing can be a main and co-product. Within each step
include (separated by step of the fuel chain -Energy co-products (credits): feedstock transport and storage, liquid fuel tranpsort and storage, there is room for 10 parameters, which has proved to
for instance feedstock, transportation, GHG emissions, energy use, and criterial pollutants. --Surplus bagasse (used as fuel in other industries) gaseous fuel transport and storage (* = most relevant to future be sufficient. Parameters can be changed. Any
production etc)? No information (VOC, CO, NOx, PM10, PM2.5, and SOx). --Surplus electricity (co-generated at the sugar mill) fuel chains) parameter is in principle possible.
13. Does the methodology use default
values ? Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
a. If yes, for all the data? Depending on dataset Yes No information Yes Yes
Each parameter is defined with a Conservative,
Agricultural chemicals production, feedstock production, Typical and Best practice parameter. Either C or T is
feedstock transportation, biofuel production, biofuel set as default, based on the importance of the
Comments on 13.a transportation, and biofuel use in vehicles. parameter and on how easy it is to obtain.
b. Are you using an available tool (for
example the IPCC tool)? No Yes No information Yes No
IPCC defaults values for certain stages (such as N2O
emissions), EPA AP-42 data base for criteria pollutant Use of IPCC approaches for N2O emissions from soils and
Which one? emissions. impact of land use change
c. How many datasets in total are included? Approx. 364 Cannot count. See GREET itself. No information
d. How the database is updated, which There is a protocol for updating and maintenance for
intervals, review process? No information Very often, depending Argonne research efforts. No information Probably annually, in a stakeholder intensive process the Administrator
All the important values were based in databases from the
Centro de Tecnologia Canavieira (S Paulo). The agricultural
Comments data is based on a sample of ~100 Million t cane / year, in the
Center-South, and the Industrial data corresponds to a similar
size sample; so there are very few "default" values.
14. Is the methodology site-, region- or
country- specified ? Depending on dataset No Yes Yes Yes
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Annex 2 of Background Paper - EAG on GHGs-18.12.07 RSB; GHG WG- Summary of the Feedback for the LCA tools
a. If yes, could it be extended in a more
global area? No information Yes No information Yes Yes
Fuel chains would have to be made more generic (very easy)
Default values would have to be expanded, however, this would
be fairly easy as well, because many of the region specific default
Default assumptions for key parameters are primarily for values (e.g. crop production, electricity grid emissions factors) are
the U.S., which need to be changed for applicaitons in drawn from international data sets, which tend to have the data if For some feedstock, multiple regions are included,
What has to change to make this possible? other regions. it exists at all. this is not necessary
15. Does it include any sensitivity analyses ? Yes Yes No information No
Stochastic simulation features are built inside GREET.
Users can specify distribution functions for key input
parameters and GREET can generate results with
If yes, please, give some more details: Monte Carlo simulation probability associated.
Sensitivity analysis of the overall method will be undertaken The sensitivity analysis is not available in the public
Comments separately version.
16. Is there any validations/ certifications of
the data provided? No information Yes No information Yes Yes
This question is not particularly clear. When the method and The Technical Specification suggests that any
software tool is used within the context of the UK RTFO: all data deviation from default data should be accompanied
will have to be verifiable, however, specific requirements for by additional prove. E.g. accountant declarations.
If yes, please, give some more details: verificiation are likely to be "light touch" in the first period of the Delivery of prove will be developed separately and is
To some extent. With actual data for key input RTFO (before there is any link between the carbon intensity of the also up to the market. We have (within Ecofys) much
assumptions. Cannot be validated because there is not biofuel and the policy incentive). Further details on this aspect experience on certification (both Guarantee of Origin
WTW operation data. are available (but I'm not the best person to provide this. and Track-and-Trace).
Additional Information
Released: Sep-06
Software website http://www.ecobilan.com/uk_team.php
Developer Ecobilan - PricewaterhouseCoopers
Available languages (interface) English
TEAMTM allows the user to build and use a large database, to
model any system representing the operations associated with
products, processes and activities and to calculate the
associated life cycle inventories and potential environmental
impacts in compliance with the ISO 14040 series of standards.
TEAM allows to run simulations and scenarios comparison by
Description defining variables.
Cost free, Includes some modules of the DEAM starter kit and
5 impact assessment methods, all functionalities are available
though but the database size is limited to 5 megas. TEAMTM
4.0 discovery version Free_TEAMTM 4.0 first licence: 3 000
Euros_TEAMTM 4.0 first licence FOR UNIVERSITIES:2 000
Cost/Versions Euros_TEAMTM 4.0 additional licence:1 000 Euros
Compliance checks, Design for environment (DfE, DfR), Life
cycle assessment (LCA), Life cycle costing (LCC), Life cycle
impact assessment (LCIA), Life cycle inventory (LCI), Life
cycle management (LCM), Product stewardship, supply chain
management, Substance/material flow analysis (SFA/MFA)
Instruments functionally supported by the tool Sensitivity and uncertainty analysis
Functionality
Inventory Modelling Computes the related LCI at any level of the system and for as
many scenarios as wished. Modulifying of systems.
Subsystems are used. All implemented data can be
parameterised and controled through a simple interface for
LCA calculations.
Impact Assessment Methodology
Different methods are used, such as IPCC, energy
consumption, resource depletion, ozone depletion,
tropospheric ozone creation, air acidification, eutrophication,
emissions to soils, human and ecotoxicity. The user might
implement and use its own impact assessment methodologies.
Analysis and Interpretation of Results TEAM allows to provide tables and graphics. The user might
choose the level of detail which is of relevance for his goal.
TEAM provides also sensitivity analyses possibilities.
DOMINANCE: Results are detailed per LCA stage so that a
dominance analysis can be performed. SENSITIVITY:
Parameterised simulations can be run to observe the influence
of different alternatives on the input and output of an inventory.
UNCERTAINTY: Min-Max and Montecarlo.
Database Management
The data management is handled by the user. Any amount of
data can be managed in the database. Back office object
database manager : Objecstore (Real time) version 5.1
Documentation All functions of the tool are covered by documentation.
Databases available with the tool
Main database DEAMTM:
ecoinvent Data v1.3; NN: TEAMTM can be adapted for the
Additional databases import of any database described in XML format
Format
Import ASCII, Ecospold, Excel, XML
Export ASCII, Excel, XML
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Annex 2 of Background Paper - EAG on GHGs-18.12.07 RSB; GHG WG - Summary of the Feedback for the LCA databases
Name of the methodology/tool: DEAMTM DEAMTM Impact Ecoinvent v.2.0 (Nov07)
Developer: Ecoinvent Consortium (ETHZ, EPFL, PSI, EMPA, agroscope)
1. For which industries/products was this tool
designed? Something else
General Life Cycle Inventory Database, that can be used with various LCA
tools
Energy supply, resource extraction, material supply, chemicals, metals,
Comments agriculture, waste management services, transport, renewable fuels,
agricultural products, electronics (approx. 4000 processes are included)
2. Who is going to use the model (the producer,
an administrator or someone else?)
As mentioned before, this depends, what kind of software or web tool will be
Comments used to access the ecoinvent database
3. What kind of software is used? web database; mySQL
Comments
4. Is it free ? No
If not, how much does it cost? license fee: 1800.-, sectorial access:free
Full access to the database requires a license fee (1800.-), a sectorial access
Comments restricted to max. 6 environmental impact indicators is free
5. Is it transparent / well documented? Yes
Totally transparent, metadata for each dataset (indicating author, temporal and
spatial relevance, etc. etc.) plus additional documentation e.g. >700 pages
Justification about biofuels.
Comments
Bioethanol (melasse, sugar cane, sweet sorghum, corn, sugar beets, rye,
potatoes, wood, gras); Biodiesel (soy beans, oil palms, rape, used vegetable
oil); ETBE (sugar cane, sweet sorghum, corn, sugar beets, rye, potatoes,
6. What types of biofuels are considered (please, wood, gras); MTBE (wood);Biomethane (whey, manure, biowaste, sewage
mention the feedstock on the box next to each sludge, wood, gras); Biomethanol (wood); Pure plant oil (soy beans, oil palms,
option too)? rape, used vegetable oil)
Biogas, Syngas, Ethanol, Methanol, Oil, Methylester. >50 european and
Comments international (USA, BR, MY) biofuel pathways
a. Could this model be extended to more
feedstocks and/or more biofuels chains? Yes
If yes, what has to change to make this possible?
More datasets can be generated following the ecoinvent quality quidelines and
Comments using the ecospold data format.
7. Which are the limits of the system? Root to tank
a. If root to weel, could it be examined the root
to tank and the tank to wheel separately? Yes
b. What type of vehicle, technology, exhaust Passenger cars (petrol, methane, diesel) and various sizes of trucks (diesel).
emissions are considered? all typical emissions including particle emissions are included
Comments
8. What GHG are included? CO2, CH4, N2O, PFC, HFC, SF6
CO2 is differentiated in fossil, biogenic, and from land transformation (-->
Comments forest clear cuts)
9. Which is the functional unit ? (e.g.
CO 2 eq/MJ, CO 2 eq/km etc) not defined - depends on how you want to use the database
10. What are you using as reference system ? not defined - various fossil fuels are available
a. What are the main assumptions regarding
the fossil reference system? No information
11. What kind of allocation approach does it use
(if more than one approach is used, please
determine where each approach is used)? Allocation by market value, C-content
12. What parameters does the methodology
include (separated by step of the fuel chain for The database consists of single unit processes (one step is e.g. the trans-
instance feedstock, transportation, production esterification of soy bean oil). The inventory of one biofuel (e.g. soy bean
etc)? methyl ester) might consist of a few hundreds single unit processes
13. Does the methodology use default values ? Yes
a. If yes, for all the data? Yes
The datasets represent average values for the specified regions. The amount
Comments on 13.a and distribution of sampling points is indicated in the metadata.
b. Are you using an available tool (for example
the IPCC tool)? Yes
IPCC Global Warming Potential - Ecological footprint (Global) - ecoindicator
99 - Ecological scarcity 2006 (Switzerland) - EDIP 2003 - Cumulative Exergy
Which one? Demand (Global) - Lime (Japan) - TRACI (USA) and more
c. How many datasets in total are included? Approx. 4000
d. How the database is updated, which intervals, Review by experts, update from version to version. In discussion: Open Wiki-
review process? style handling in v.3
Comments
14. Is the methodology site-, region- or country-
specified ? Yes
a. If yes, could it be extended in a more global
area? Yes
New dataset have to be created (e.g. for new feedstocks like Jatropha) or
What has to change to make this possible? current datasets have to be adapted to new regions
15. Does it include any sensitivity analyses ? Yes
Yes - data accuracy is assessed for each single process step (reg., ecoinvent-
guidelines). The post-hoc assessment of error propagation is therefore
If yes, please, give some more details: possible, using MonteCarlo Analysis
Comments
16. Is there any validations/certifications of the
data provided? Yes
If yes, please, give some more details: A reviewed report exists for every single dataset
Comments
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Annex 2 of Background Paper - EAG on GHGs-18.12.07 RSB; GHG WG - Summary of the Feedback for the LCA databases
Additional Information
Last update: Jun-06 Last update: Jun-06 Last update: Okt-06
Released: First release: 1994 First re