Co-op America's Boycott Organizer's Guide Updated and revised by:…

Co-op America's
Boycott Organizer's Guide
Updated and revised by:
Connie Murtagh, Senior Corporate Responsibility Researcher, Co-op America
Carla Lukehart, former Responsible Shopper Research Coordinator, Co-op America




                                                                                       Boycotts.org
                                                                                     Co-op America
                                                                       1612 K Street NW, Suite 600
                                                                           Washington, DC 20006
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                                                                             www.coopamerica.org
Introduction

This guide is designed to kick-start your boycott organizing efforts. To that end, we've provided
information on a number of the basic strategies and resources you'll find useful in getting started. We
hope that you find the guide's simplicity and exclusivity has been the right solution to your organizing
needs.

The information in this guide is based on our discussions with boycott organizers since we began tracking
boycotts in 1984. The guide itself has been published and distributed to boycott organizers for nearly ten
years, but the rapid changes in technology continually produce new resources ­ and new strategies ­ for
boycott organizers. While we've attempted to keep up with new opportunities for boycott organizers,
we'd be happy to hear of ideas and resources to improve the guide's effectiveness.


Request

Boycotts.org (www.boycotts.org) is a free online resource providing up-to-date information on national
boycotts in the U.S. If your organization is planning or already manages a boycott, we want to know
about it. Please contact us at the address provided in this publication.




Co-op America's Boycott Organizer's Guide                                                        Page 1 of 15
Boycotts FAQ


What is a boycott?

Boycotts are a tool for holding corporations accountable for actions against workers, consumers,
communities, minorities, animals or the environment. Webster's New Collegiate Dictionary (7th Ed.)
defines a boycott as "a concerted refusal to have anything to do with, usually as an expression of
disapproval or to force acceptance of certain conditions." Simply translated, this is marketplace
democracy in action - consumers voting with their dollars for social and economic change.


What is the history of boycotts?

The term originated in Ireland in 1780 when English estate manager Charles Cunningham Boycott was
"boycotted" by famine-threatened Irish farmers for refusing to lower rents. Since then, boycotts have
become an important part of American history, used to protest everything from government involvement
in industries to unfair labor practices. Following the Stamp Act in 1765, American colonists in Boston,
Philadelphia, and New York began a boycott of British goods that lasted through the Revolutionary War.
A boycott strategy was adopted by trade unions during the labor movement of the late 1800s. German
goods were boycotted by the American Jewish community in the 1930s and 1940s, and the Montgomery,
Alabama bus boycott organized by Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. in the 1950s became a defining moment of
the Civil Rights Movement. The United Farm Workers boycott of table grapes, begun by Cesar Chavez in
the 1960s, and the recent boycott of Nestle over the marketing of infant formula in developing countries
has greatly impacted attitudes and business practices in those industries.


Who calls boycotts?

Any concerned group can call a boycott. Groups have been more successful in calling and executing
boycotts than individuals because there is strength in numbers. Monroe Friedman studied 90 boycotts that
occurred between 1970 and 1980. He found that labor unions, racial minorities, religious groups,
consumer groups, and women's rights activists most commonly initiated boycotts. Other groups
organizing boycotts include gay rights groups, anti-war activists, health advocates, and anti-abortion
groups. Also common are boycotts combining two or more interests. An increasing number of
environmental groups are using boycotts as a means of influencing corporations and effecting change.


Who participates in boycotts?

Any consumer is a potential boycotter. According to The Wall Street Journal, "a 1989 Roper survey
showed that boycotters often come from two-income families, hold college degrees, and hail from the
big-spending thirty-something crowd" (11/8/90, p. B1).


How are boycotts organized?

Boycotts require the dedication and work of energetic activists, the support of enthusiastic consumers, and
lots of planning. The reason for the boycott must be accurate, verifiable, and definitively stated. "A




Co-op America's Boycott Organizer's Guide                                                       Page 2 of 15
successful campaign, no matter how we define it, has to begin with clear, realistic, measurable goals,"
according to Barbara Beck of the Pew Charitable Trusts.

Once a target is carefully chosen, the design of the campaign must aim for an achievable result.
Boycott activists should draw upon the wisdom and experience of other organizers, especially those who
have led successful campaigns. Network with other activists, organizers, community groups, and media to
spread the message of the boycott and gain publicity. Use press releases and informational materials as
part of a comprehensive media strategy. Find and utilize boycott media, local press, and alternative press.


How can shareholder resolutions help boycotts?

Shareholder resolutions are another powerful economic tool consumers can use to facilitate change.
Sometimes the threat of resolutions from stockholders asking a company to change a policy is enough to
push company leaders to negotiate with activists: concerned corporate executives want to avoid the
embarrassment of such a resolution coming to a full shareholder vote. More often, resolutions for
disclosure of information on environmental records or workplace issues can be the catalyst for changing
and improving company policies.


Are boycotts effective?

A nationwide survey found that business leaders consider boycotts to be more effective than other
consumer techniques such as class action suits, letter writing campaigns, and lobbying. Because well-
organized boycotts directly threaten sales, company leaders take them seriously (Friedman, 1991) (See
Resources.) According to Todd Putnam, former editor of the now-defunct National Boycott News,
"Boycotts used to take between five and ten years to get results, but now they take about two. That's
because they're better organized and get more media attention: corporations recognize the damage
potential much earlier."


Why is Co-op America involved with boycotts?

Co-op America is a member-controlled and worker-managed nonprofit organization working to educate
consumers and businesses on how to align the power of their buying and investing habits with social and
environmental responsibility. Boycotting is one of Co-op America's four strategies ­ buy, invest, boycott,
demand change ­ for changing the way America does business.




Co-op America's Boycott Organizer's Guide                                                        Page 3 of 15
Significant Boycott Victories

These boycott victories represent a variety of issues. Some are significant for the length of the boycott
(12 years in one case) while others set new policy benchmarks or garnered major public attention.


Organizer:      United Farmworkers of Washington State (UFW), AFL-CIO
Category:       Labor
Target:         Company Practices
Achieved:       Company officials at the Chateau St. Michelle and Columbia Crest wineries established
                contract negotiations with vineyard workers and agreed to a union representative election.
                Following a worker vote, the wineries became the first in the country to be unionized.

Organizer:      Free Burma Coalition
Category:       Human Rights
Target:         Company Practices
Achieved:       A number of large corporations including PepsiCo, Eastman Kodak, IBM, Disney, and
                Texaco have reacted to pressure and have withdrawn business from Burma in response to
                the country's human rights abuses. The Free Burma Coalition continues to boycott against
                BMW, Caterpillar, Halliburton, Mitsubishi, Sony, and a number of other companies that
                remain financially involved with Burma.

Organizer:      Rainforest Action Network
Category:       Environment
Target:         Company Practices
Achieved:       In 1998, the Rainforest Action Network (RAN) ended a 9-year boycott of Mitsubishi Motor
                Sales America and Mitsubishi Electric America when the divisions pledged to stop the use
                of old-growth timber and to use almost all non-wood-based paper by 2002. The divisions
                also agreed to implement a number of environmentally-friendly initiatives into their
                programs.

Organizer:      ACT-UP (Aids Coalition to Unleash Power)
Category:       Civil Liberties
Target:         Company Practices
Achieved:       In protest of Philip Morris Company's financial support of Sen. Jesse Helms (R-North
                Carolina), whom ACT-UP alleges holds anti-gay views, ACT-UP boycotted Marlboro
                cigarettes. As a compromise, Philip Morris agreed to donate $2.3 to $3 million annually to
                organizations providing services to people with AIDS.

Organizer:      INFACT
Category:       Environment
Target:         Company Practices
Achieved:       Successfully pressured General Electric to sell its last nuclear weapons-related division.

Organizer:      NAACP
Category:       Discrimination
Target:         Company Practices
Achieved:       The NAACP launched a successful boycott against Texaco in 1997. Reports of racist
                behavior by executives resulted in a boycott of the company until it released a plan to
                advance minority employment and increase purchasing from minority-owned suppliers.



Co-op America's Boycott Organizer's Guide                                                          Page 4 of 15
Organizer:      International Fund for Animal Welfare
Category:       Animal Protection
Target:         Company Practices
Achieved:       A 5-year consumer boycott against Mitsubishi's automobile and electronics products was
                one of the factors that led to company in 2000 to cancel it's plans to construct a major salt
                mine. The proposed mine would have threatened the habitats of 72 animal species,
                including the last Pacific gray whale nursery.

Organizers: Boycott Shell Campaign, Educators Against Racism and Apartheid, Coke Divestment
            Campaign
Category: Human Rights
Target:     Government Policies
Achieved: Boycotts of Shell, Kellogg's, and Coca-Cola (among others) prompted shareholder
            resolutions demanding divestment from South Africa. This became the catalyst for the
            abolition of apartheid in 1994.

Organizer:      Gay & Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation (GLAAD)
Category:       Discrimination
Target:         Withdrawal of sponsorship
Achieved:       GLAAD called for a boycott against Dr. Laura Schlessinger's radio and TV talk shows
                after she made discriminatory remarks about homosexuals on her radio show. Gay rights
                groups, listeners, and viewers boycotted her shows resulting in an estimated loss of $30
                million. In addition, dozens of companies, including Procter & Gamble, Verizon, Coca-
                Cola, and Toyota, pulled their advertising from the show in protest. The television show
                was canceled after only one year on the air.

Organizer:      Irish National Caucus
Category:       Discrimination
Target:         Agree to Non-discrimination Code
Achieved:       The Irish National Caucus ended a 12-year boycott of Ford Motor in 1998, when the
                company agreed to implement the McBride Principles. The principles prevent US
                companies from subsidizing anti-Catholic discrimination in Northern Ireland.




Co-op America's Boycott Organizer's Guide                                                           Page 5 of 15
Choosing The Boycott Target

Boycotts stem from consumers' frustration with the effect a company, a policy, or a product has on
society. They change social, environmental, and political issues into economic variables so that the issues
"can be acted upon by consumer 'voting behavior,' consisting of decreased dollar expenditures in the retail
marketplace" (Freidman, 1991) (See Resources).


Three Types Of Boycott Targets


I.   A company's product, method of production, or type of packaging may be objectionable.

     Suggested Approach: Boycott one or only a few of a company's products. It is easier for consumers
     to remember fewer product names. Choose a product with accessible alternatives. The product(s)
     chosen should be easy to identify and frequently purchased.

     Example: The NAACP and other black organizations called for a boycott of the Adams Mark Hotel
     chain in 1998 because of the company's overt display of racial discrimination. The boycott resulted
     in an $8 million settlement from the hotel chain.


II. A company whose practices or policies are offensive.

     Suggested Approach: In this case, one or several of a company's products are boycotted. The
     company chosen for a boycott should be visible, easy to identify, vulnerable, image conscious, and
     clearly guilty of the grievance.

     Example: In 1998, the Natural Resources Defense Council and SeaWeb organized over 750 chefs
     nationwide to stop serving swordfish in their restaurants because of concerns that the populations
     were being seriously depleted by market demands. In 2000, the U.S. government closed swordfish
     nursery areas to fishing and the boycott was ended.


III. A country or state's government may be involved in objectional practices.

     Suggested Approach: Boycott an industry or company crucial to that government. This is known as
     an indirect boycott. As a result, organizers hope the company will pressure the government into
     yielding to the boycotters' demands. The industry chosen for an indirect boycott should: have strong
     business and/or financial ties with the country or state government, understand activists' goals and
     businesses' potential in achieving them, and be able to exert substantial pressure on its government.

     Example: In opposition to French nuclear testing, the International Peace Bureau called for a boycott
     of French products. The French wine industry was hit especially hard by the boycott because of its
     international popularity. According to Bruce Hall, coordinator for the Comprehensive Test Ban
     Clearinghouse, the boycott combined with the protests had a real impact: the number of tests were
     reduced by 25 percent. Additionally, French President Chirac committed to signing on to a
     Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty.




Co-op America's Boycott Organizer's Guide                                                        Page 6 of 15
Before Launching A Boycott


1. Research all possible targets. Choose a target that is likely to yield to your demands and that will gain
   the support of consumers.

2. Get all the facts about the company and the offensive policy or action. It may be more difficult to get
   information from the company later. Use the company's annual reports (readily available at the library
   or posted on the Internet) to obtain important company information such as product and brand names,
   the president and/or CEO's name(s), and addresses and phone numbers. Be ready to justify why you
   chose your target to consumers and the media.

3. Write to or meet with the company to voice your grievance. Indicate that if the policy or action is not
   changed, you intend to initiate a consumer boycott.

4. Some organizers attempt to negotiate with the company first and use a boycott strategy only if
   negotiations fail to bring about the desired changes. Occasionally the threat of a boycott can make the
   company yield to your demands.

5. Organize a coalition that includes the support or endorsements of other organizations. Be prepared to
   present numbers to the company to show the support for and strength of the boycott.


                                     MORE BOYCOTT SUCCESS STORIES

   ·   In the United Kingdom, Survival International threatened Scott Paper with a boycott because its
       plans for a eucalyptus plantation and paper mill in Indonesia threatened the survival of tribal
       peoples. In a letter to Scott Paper, Survival International wrote, "if we call a boycott, we will
       mobilize our 20,000 members, and it will also be endorsed by the Sierra Club which has two
       million members." In response to the threat, Scott Paper abandoned its plans.

   ·   In 1997, Greenpeace, the Rainforest Action Network and Natural Resources Defense Council
       formed the Coastal Rainforest Coalition (CRC) to encourage Home Depot to end purchasing
       timber from ancient forests. The CRC initially entered into discussion with Home Depot and
       then began to target the company with advertising, letter campaigns, petitions, public
       demonstrations, and shareholder resolutions. In 1999, the company announced it would no
       longer purchase wood from endangered regions.

   ·   International Fund for Animal Welfare's successful boycott protesting Mitsubishi's plan to build
       a salt plant in gray whale calving grounds called together activists from the U.S. and Mexico.
       Included in these participants was the Grupo de los Cien (Group of 100), a network of leading
       Mexican artists and intellectuals); 17 organizations, including Earth Island Institute, the Sierra
       Club, Rainforest Action Network, Friends of the Earth, the Transnational Resource and Action
       Center, and the Coastal Rainforest Coalition; and celebrities Pierce Brosnan, Octavio Paz, Allen
       Ginsberg, Glenn Close, and Jean-Michel Cousteau.




Co-op America's Boycott Organizer's Guide                                                        Page 7 of 15
Setting Goals For The Boycott


1. Determine the boycott's objectives. Should you pressure the target by impacting product sales
   (economic and consumer-oriented) or by attacking the company's image (reputational and media-
   oriented)?

    More organizers are choosing a reputational approach than in the past as companies have paid more
    attention to cultivating more socially concerned images. However, companies remain highly
    sensitive to any consumer concern which appears to affect purchasing behaviors ­ even if it's likely
    to influence a very small percentage of their customers.

    Example: In the late 1980s Earth Island Institute called a boycott of Starkist tuna (H.J. Heinz)
    because it was being caught by methods that killed dolphins. Earth Island Institute's objective in
    boycotting Starkist tuna was to attack Heinz's carefully cultivated corporate image by portraying the
    company as a dolphin-killer.

2. Identify and state clearly the boycott's demands to the targeted company and consumers.
   Clearly tell the company what changes it must make to end the boycott ­ be as specific as you can.
   Both companies and consumers are far more likely to agree to a set of demands that they can clearly
   understand.

    Example: INFACT clearly stated their demands of GE: 1) stop nuclear weapons production; 2) stop
    interfering in government decisions of war and peace; 3) implement plans to convert GE operations
    and jobs that are currently involved with weapons production to peaceful endeavors. INFACT
    intended for the GE boycott to be long-term and acquired the necessary resources from the start.

3. Determine the time frame for the boycott right from the beginning. Make sure you have the
   resources to continue for the length of time anticipated to get results. Be prepared for an extended
   battle ­ boycotts can take years before achieving the desired result.

4. Make your demands specific and behavior-oriented. Boycotts that ask the company to change a
   specific action or policy are more successful than boycotts that express general displeasure.

5. Make your demands substantial but realistic. Ask for what you need, but make a point to
   understand the company's point of view. If you're not familiar with the way businesspeople think (or
   even if you are), get feedback on your proposals from sympathetic businesspeople. It's not selling
   out to understand how the company might react to various demands and language.


                                            THE POWER OF BOYCOTTS
   According to John Monogoven, senior vice president of Pagan International Inc., a public relations
   firm, success is more than just a decrease in sales. "Very rarely is the impact felt at the cash
   register," he says. "You have problems with employee morale. Employees don't like working for a
   company that is being attacked. You have problems with recruiting the top students from colleges
   and universities because they don't want to get involved with a company in that kind of a problem.
   Also, you find that top-level executives spend an inordinate amount of time on the issue when they
   should be doing other things" (Insight, 10/26/87, p.44).




Co-op America's Boycott Organizer's Guide                                                        Page 8 of 15
Organizing: Getting Institutional Support For Your Boycott

1. Solicit participation from large institutions. If your goal is to get broad support, large institutions
   can provide greater legitimacy for your effort ­ which will open doors to other endorsements, bigger
   constituent bases, and possibly more media coverage.

    Example: An on-going INFACT boycott has targeted Kraft Food products to protest the tobacco-
    promoting activities of parent company Philip Morris. The boycott has gained support from the
    American Medical Student Association, The United Methodist Church, and 200 other organizations
    and has been the subject of the documentary Making a Killing: Philip Morris, Kraft, and Global
    Tobacco Addiction.

2. Get endorsements from non-profit organizations. Ask them to notify their members of the boycott.
   Many larger organizations have endorsement committees to approve organizational support for
   boycotts.

3. Seek endorsements from institutional shareholders in the company. Check the company's
   ownership for progressive investors who may support your cause with a letter to the company. If you
   get support, consider launching a broader shareholder campaign on the issue.

4. Convince companies to "join" your boycott. Even if they don't announce their support, peer
   pressure from other companies can increase your boycott's impact immensely and help avoid the
   perception that your demands are radical and unreasonable.

    Example: A Canadian boycott against Japanese paper company Daishowa caused the company to
    stop logging on land claimed by Lubicon Cree natives. The boycott, organized by Friends of the
    Lubicon, targeted companies that used Daishowa packaging boxes and bags. Friends of the Lubicon
    got 48 companies to change paper suppliers. The boycott cost Daishowa $14 million in lost sales.

    Example: Co-op America convinced a number of publicly-traded companies to inform the Securities
    and Exchange Commission of their support for the right of shareholders to file resolutions on social
    and environmental issues. This helped damage the commission's perception that these "activist"
    proposals were bad for business.


Publicity: Getting Your Message To Consumers And The Media

1. Develop a clear, simple, concise message.

    Example: SeaWeb and NRDC decided that they would target famous chefs to get across their
    message about dwindling swordfish. They decided they didn't need every chef in the country ­ just
    the ones who regularly appeared in the media.

2. Distribute leaflets about your boycott in front of stores where the product is sold.

3. Get consumers to sign petitions or cards pledging to support the boycott. Send these to the
   company.

4. Produce educational materials, films, or demonstration kits to educate consumers about the
   issue and how they can help.


Co-op America's Boycott Organizer's Guide                                                        Page 9 of 15
    Example: Earth Island Institute produced a documentary shown on college campuses nationwide and
    on television about the tuna-dolphin connection. The film offered a Western Union number viewers
    could call to have a telegram sent to H.J. Heinz. Over 30,000 telegrams were sent.

5. Advertise in newspapers, on radio, and on television.

6. Let Co-op America know about your boycott. We print selected boycotts regularly in our
   publications. By notifying Co-op America, boycott organizers directly inform over 150,000 people
   per year about their cause through Boycott Action News and boycotts.org.

7. Sponsor Public Service Announcements on your local radio and television stations.

8. Seek out a celebrity and/or a well-known organization's endorsement, asking them to announce
   the boycott with YOU. Get endorsements from celebrities, politicians, sports figures, writers ­
   anyone with media access.

    Example: People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA) has enlisted the support of such
    celebrities as Alice Walker and Cindy Crawford as spokespersons to promote its cause on television
    public service announcements and at rallies.

9. Network. Talk to other organizers, marketers, organizations, and media outlets.

10. Produce buttons, bumper stickers, and T-shirts.

11. Create a Web Site with information on the boycott. Clearly describe the reasons, organizer, target
    and product(s). Be sure you're able to regularly update the progress of the boycott and don't forget to
    include information about who to contact and how to get involved. Also be sure to register the site
    with search engines. Pro bono help is available for the asking to good causes ­ especially in Web
    development.

12. Send e-mail alerts and updates. Use a "viral" strategy and get people to pass along the messages to
    friends and family.

    Example: International Fund for Animal Welfare initiated a worldwide Internet letter-writing
    campaign protesting Mitsubishi's proposed salt plant that garnered nearly a million signatures.

13. Sponsor rallies, walk-a-thons, and other events to raise awareness.

    Example: In 1993, the Pure Food Campaign organized a number of "milk dumps" at stores to protest
    the pending FDA approval of BGH.

14. Write press releases to notify the media of rallies, press conferences, demonstrations, or any
    other events supporting the boycott.

15. Hold a press conference.

16. Hold demonstrations in front of the company's headquarters.

17. Organize demonstrations to take place in several cities on the same day. This is a good strategy
    for attracting national media attention.


Co-op America's Boycott Organizer's Guide                                                       Page 10 of 15
    Example: Rainforest Action Network coordinated numerous actions at Home Depot stores
    throughout the United States during its demonstrations on old-growth wood.

18. Speak at community functions.

19. Make your boycott interesting to the local press.

20. Write editorials and letters to the editor for local and national newspapers. Be sure to contact
    progressive media outlets such as MinuteMan Media, Environmental News Network, and
    SRIWorld.com.

21. Write articles for other organizations' newsletters.


Negotiating With The Company

1. Request meetings with the company to discuss your concerns.

2. Deliver petitions and signed postcards to the company. Design postcards so that consumers send
   one part to the company and one part to you; or set up an electronic mail letter that consumers can
   add their names to and send to the company and other interested consumers. This enables you to track
   how many messages are sent.

    Example: INFACT sent General Electric over 94,000 postcards signed by consumers prior to
    launching the boycott and collected another 100,000 signatures on petitions during the first nine
    months of the boycott.

    Example: Earth Island Institute's newspaper and magazine ads included a coupon consumers could
    fill out and send to Heinz. The ads also included a coupon to be sent to the organizers for monitoring
    purposes.

3. Write to the chair of the Board of Directors and the CEO. CEOs don't always inform the Board of
   boycotts or threatened boycotts. Boards of Directors are often very protective of their companies'
   public image.

4. Attend company shareholder meetings to discuss your concerns and work with stockholders to
   organize shareholder resolutions. (See Resources for more information about shareholder activism.)

5. Demonstrate at shareholder meetings with speeches, posters, and petitions.

6. Monitor the amount of press coverage you are getting and let the company know your message
   is getting out. Send them clippings from newspapers and magazines.

7. Watch the way the company responds to the boycott for indications of success. Remember,
   success is more than just a decrease in sales.




Co-op America's Boycott Organizer's Guide                                                      Page 11 of 15
Resources For Boycott Organizing and Learning about Boycotts


Books:

·   Consumer Boycotts: Effecting Change Through the Marketplace and Media, Monroe Friedman, 1999.

    Examines boycotts both historically and currently. Draws on published and unpublished material as
    well as personal interviews with boycott groups and their targets.

·   Morality and the Market: Consumer Pressure for Corporate Accountability, N. Craig Smith
    Routledge, Chapman and Hall, Inc. 29 West 35th Street New York, NY 10001.

    An academic perspective of the boycott strategy. The British author studies the boycott within models
    of capitalism. Case studies of the United Farm Workers grape boycott, the Nestle boycott, and others.

·   Boycott in America : How Imagination and Ideology Shape the Legal Mind, Gary Minda, 1999.

    Provides a history of the boycotts in three separate legal fields: labor, antitrust, and constitutional
    law. For lawyers, judges, and legal scholars, this book provides a clear and cogent examination of
    boycott law. Lay readers interested in understanding the role of boycotts in American law and society
    will find the book insightful.


Articles:

·   "A Weapon for Consumers; The Boycott Returns," Steven Greenhouse, The New York Times,
    March 26, 2000, pg 4.

    "Not since the 1970's, when grape workers and the anti-apartheid movement were holy causes for
    millions of Americans, have so many groups embraced the boycott as a weapon."

·   "More boycotts ahead? Some implications. Consumer boycotts," Betsy Gelb, Business Horizons,
    Vol. 38 ; No. 2 ; March, 1995, pg. 70.

    "The idea to be advanced in this article is that boycotts increasingly will be a force in U.S.
    marketing, with more buyers more often refusing to buy a branded product or a class of products
    to achieve some social outcome. If so, the business practices of potential boycott targets may
    change, with the greatest consequence for marketing managers of firms that are likely boycott
    targets."

·   "Ten tips for boycott targets. Consumer boycott targets," Kirk Davidson, Business Horizons, Vol.
    38 ; No. 2 ; March, 1995 , pg. 77.

    "Consumer boycotts, managers now understand all too well, come in a bewildering array of
    shapes and sizes, types and formats. They can emerge with little and sometimes no warning. No
    company seems to be immune. At the time of this writing, scores of large and mid-sized
    corporations are being boycotted, as are certain nonprofit organizations, cities, states, and even
    entire countries."




Co-op America's Boycott Organizer's Guide                                                       Page 12 of 15
·   "Cash-registering your opinions ; Consumer boycotts have opened vast new opportunities for
    people to apply social, economic and political pressure via their pocketbooks," Kathleen
    Merryman, The News Tribune (Tacoma, WA), March 2, 1994.

    "Dollars are behaving like ballots in the hands of a growing constituency of shoppers."

·   "Consumers Boycott Products to Influence State Laws," National Public Radio, August 25, 1993.

    "Boycotts have been around as long as there have been consumers, but they've never been as
    widespread as today. Some 200 boycotts are in force in the United States, with new ones called each
    week. Increasingly, organizers are targeting companies not because of their business practices, but
    as a means to influence state laws, covering everything from abortion to adoption rights."

·   "Consumer Boycotts: A Conceptual Framework and Research Agenda," Monroe Friedman, Journal
    of Social Issues Vol. 47, No. 1, 1991, pp. 149-168.

    Categorizes and compares consumer boycotts by types, sponsors, targets, and actions. Also discusses
    execution and consequences organizers should consider when undertaking a boycott.

·   "Consumer Boycotts in the United States, 1970-1980: Contemporary Events in Historical
    Perspective," Monroe Friedman. The Journal of Consumer Affairs, Vol. 19, No. 1, 1985, pp. 96-117.

    Reports on the results of a survey of 90 consumer boycotts which occurred between 1970 and 1980.
    The article identifies boycott sponsors, targets, and actions, and discusses elements of successful
    campaigns.

·   "The Growing Influence of Boycotts," Mark Stencel, Congressional Quarterly 1991 Editorial
    Research Reports, 1991, No. 1, pp. 2-17.

    Discusses the trend of consumers, political activists, and labor unions to focus on corporations'
    images rather than product sales in launching boycotts. The article analyzes the impact that
    effectively mounted boycotts can have on corporate marketing strategies.


Newsletters:

·   Boycott Action News; www.boycotts.org; Co-op America, 1612 K Street, NW, Washington, DC
    20006; (202) 872-5307.

    Boycott Action News (BAN) is published by Co-op America within the Co-op America Quarterly. It is
    also available online.

·   Labelletter; www.unionlabel.org/labelletter; Union Label & Trade Services Dept., AFL-CIO, 815
    16th Street NW, Washington, DC 20006; (202) 637-5000.

    Bimonthly newsletter put out by the AFL-CIO includes updates on the AFL-CIO's on-going boycotts.




Co-op America's Boycott Organizer's Guide                                                       Page 13 of 15
Shareholder Activism:

·   Shareholder Action Network; www.shareholderaction.org; 1612 K Street NW, Suite 650,
    Washington, DC 20006; (202)872-5313; (202)822-8471 (fax).

    The Shareholder Action Network seeks to link together institutional investors, financial advisers,
    faith-based groups, and social justice, labor and environmental organizations to expand the circle of
    people interested in using their investing power to encourage greater corporate responsibility.

·   Shareholder Activism Center, asp.sriworld.com/domini/sa/index.cgi.

    The Interfaith Center on Corporate Responsibility (ICCR) and SocialFunds.com have put together a
    database-driven web tool that features a wide range of social-issue shareholder resolutions being
    voted on every year. The interactive tool allows users to search for shareholder resolutions by
    company or social issue and includes an e-mail feature providing users the opportunity to send e-
    mail directly to the company.

·   Interfaith Center on Corporate Responsibility (ICCR); www.iccr.org; 475 Riverside Drive, Room
    566, New York, NY 10115; (212)870-2295.

    Coalition of religious investors working on a variety of corporate social responsibility issues,
    including equal employment opportunity, the environment nuclear arms race, tobacco, infant formula
    and pharmaceutical sales in developing nations, lending practices of banks nationally and
    worldwide, and alternative investments. Publishes the Corporate Examiner, which focuses on the
    social and environmental policies and practices of U.S. corporations worldwide and tracks
    shareholder resolutions ($50/yr).

·   Investor Responsibility Research Center (IRRC); www.irrc.org; 1350 Connecticut Ave., NW, Suite
    700, Washington, D.C. 20036-1702; 202-833-0700; 202-833-3555 (fax).

    IRRC posts a number of free resources for organizations and individuals on voting proxies
    and assessing companies on corporate governance, social and environmental criteria.




Co-op America's Boycott Organizer's Guide                                                       Page 14 of 15
About Co-op America

Co-op America is a national nonprofit organization dedicated to creating a just and sustainable society by
harnessing economic power for positive change. Co-op America's unique approach involves working with
both the consumer (demand) and business (supply) sides of the economy simultaneously.

Co-op America's programs are designed to:

    ·    Educate people about how to use their spending and investing power to bring the values of social
         justice and environmental sustainability into the economy,
    ·    Help socially and environmentally responsible businesses emerge and thrive, and
    ·    Pressure irresponsible companies to adopt socially and environmentally responsible practices.

Co-op America's publications are:

    ·    The National Green PagesTM ­ a "green" Yellow Pages listing businesses that uphold high
         standards of social and environmental responsibility.
    ·    The Co-op America Quarterly ­ a journal of tips for sustainable living for you, your community and
         your workplace.
    ·    Financial Planning Handbook ­ a guide to help you make financial decisions that are both
         "values-added" and meet your personal financial needs and goals.

Join us today!




name:         _________________________________________

address:      _________________________________________

              _________________________________________

phone:        _________________________________________


! Yes! I want to be a member of Co-op America, and help create a more socially just and
  environmentally sustainable society.

! I am voluntarily setting my dues at:

    __$20      __$25      __$35      __$50   __$100   __$250


Please make your check payable to:
Co-op America, 1612 K Street NW, Suite 600, Washington, DC 20006.




Co-op America's Boycott Organizer's Guide                                                      Page 15 of 15