Foreword During the past three decades, every major advance in…

Foreword




During the past three decades, every major advance in computing introduced new
and largely unanticipated security challenges. Wireless sensor networks are only the
latest technology that confirms this observation. These networks, which represent a
basic tenet of what we call ubiquitous computing, are now or will soon be deployed
in physical environments that are vulnerable not only to the vicissitudes of nature but
also to acts that could be easily viewed as hostile attacks by potent adversaries. In-
deed, unattended operation of sensor-network nodes in hostile environments requires
that we rethink the definition of our adversary, its capabilities and modes of attack.
    There are few problems of wireless sensor network design and analysis that are
as challenging as localization and time synchronization. Yet both are fundamental
building blocks not just for new applications and but also security services them-
selves. Localization complexity is, to a significant degree, the result of deployment
and operation in environments that lack of unobstructed line-of-site connectivity,
reference points, and communications. Further, time synchronization gains added
complexity due to the limited computing resources sensor nodes possess. As a con-
sequence, the natural interplay between space and time measurements and bounds,
which are basic to both localization and time synchronization, produces a largely
uncharted research territory. And, of course, the new capabilities and attack modes
of the new adversary complicates the landscape in unanticipated ways.
    This book represents a snapshot of our understanding in solving problems of ro-
bust, resilient and secure localization and time synchronization at the inception of the
sensor network technology development. It offers a clear view of the essential chal-
lenges posed by localization and time synchronization in sensor networks, subtleties
of potential solutions, and extensive discussion of specific protocols and mechanisms
required by these solutions. In short, the book is an indispensable reference to both
researchers and developers, and an invaluable aid to students.
    I am pleased and honored to have been asked to write the foreword for this book.
The authors, all active researchers in the area of sensor network security, should be
congratulated for providing this valuable reference book for the research community.


September 2006, College Park, Maryland                                 Virgil D. Gligor
Preface




This book is an outcome of a special workshop on Localization in Wireless Sen-
sor Networks, held between June 13-14 of 2005, at the University of Washington,
Seattle.
     During several technical discussions, Dr. Radha Poovendran of University of
Washington and ARO Information Assurance (IA) program director Dr. Cliff Wang
felt that robust and resilient localization for wireless sensor networks is an important
research area and a special workshop was needed to address the research challenges
and to promote innovative ideas for solutions. Dr. Sumit Roy from the University of
Washington later joined the organizing committee. The workshop was organized and
held successfully. Over 30 researchers participated in the workshop and a total of 18
presentations were made, covering various aspects of the localization problem.
     This book is a direct outcome of this special workshop. We have also expanded
the scope of this book to include secure time synchronization since the techniques
used for localization distance bounding protocols are dependent on correct time syn-
chronization of wireless sensor networks. A total of sixteen contributed papers are
received from both workshop participants and researchers active in wireless sen-
sor network research. The collection of these high quality papers makes this edited
volume a valuable resource for both researchers and engineers in related fields. We
believe that this book will serve as a reference as well as the starting point of research
in the exciting areas of secure location estimation, secure time synchronization, ver-
ification of sensor security protocols, and location privacy.
     The book is organized into three parts. The chapters in Part I present approaches
for sensor location estimation under a benign environment and technical discussions
focus on the quality of location estimation. The chapters in the Part II of the book
contain the latest work on resilient sensor location estimation in the presence of an
adversary that may inject Byzantine errors into the localization process. Also in Part
II of the book, there is one chapter dedicated to distance bounding protocol veri-
fication and there is another chapter that focuses specifically on privacy protection
against location tracking. The Part III of the book contains chapters addressing the
problem of secure time synchronization in wireless sensor networks.
VIII    Preface

    We would like to express our thanks to Professor Sushil Jajodia for including this
book in his series. We thank Susan Lagerstrom-Fife and Sharon Palleschi of Springer,
and Krishna Sampigethaya of University of Washington for working closely with us
during the production of this book. We also thank Krishna Sampigethaya, Loukas
Lazos, Mingyan Li, Patrick Tague, and Javier Salido for their help and support during
the workshop.



September 2006, University of Washington                          Radha Poovendran
September 2006, ARO/NCSU                                                 Cliff Wang
September 2006, University of Washington                                 Sumit Roy
Contents




Part I Localization Techniques

Range-Free Localization
Radu Stoleru, Tian He, John A. Stankovic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     3

A Beacon-Less Location Discovery Scheme for Wireless Sensor Networks
Lei Fang, Wenliang Du, Peng Ning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

Learning Sensor Location from Signal Strength and Connectivity
Neal Patwari, Alfred O. Hero III, Jose A. Costa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
Node Localization Using Mobile Robots in Delay-Tolerant Sensor
Networks
Pubudu Pathirana, Nirupama Bulusu, Andrey Savkin, Sanjay Jha, Thanh Dang                               83
Experiences from the Empirical Evaluation of Two Physical Layers for
Node Localization
Dimitrios Lymberopoulos, Andreas Savvides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105


Part II Secure Localization

Robust Wireless Localization: Attacks and Defenses
Yanyong Zhang, Wade Trappe, Zang Li, Manali Joglekar, Badri Nath . . . . . . . . 137
Secure and Resilient Localization in Wireless Sensor Networks
Peng Ning, Donggang Liu, Wenliang Du . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161

Secure Localization for Wireless Sensor Networks using Range-
Independent Methods
Loukas Lazos, Radha Poovendran . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
X           Contents

TRaVarSeL­Transmission Range Variation based Secure Localization
Santosh Pandey, Farooq Anjum, Prathima Agrawal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215

Secure Sequence-based Localization for Wireless Networks
Bhaskar Krishnamachari, Kiran Yedavalli . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237
Securing Localization in Wireless Networks (using Verifiable
Multilateration and Covert Base Stations)
       
Srdjan Capkun . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249

Distance Bounding Protocols: Authentication Logic Analysis and
Collusion Attacks
Catherine Meadows, Radha Poovendran, Dusko Pavlovic, LiWu Chang, Paul
Syverson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279
Location Privacy in Wireless LAN
Leping Huang, Hiroshi Yamane, Kanta Matsuura, Kaoru Sezaki . . . . . . . . . . . . 299


Part III Secure Time Synchronization

Time Synchronization Attacks in Sensor Networks
Tanya Roosta, Mike Manzo, Shankar Sastry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325
Secure and Resilient Time Synchronization in Wireless Sensor Networks
Kun Sun, Peng Ning, Cliff Wang . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347

Securing Timing Synchronization in Sensor Networks
       
Srdjan Capkun, Saurabh Ganeriwal, Simon Han, Mani Srivastava . . . . . . . . . . . 369

Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 391