Former Senator Sam Nunn …

                                Former Senator Sam Nunn
                       Co-Chairman of the Nuclear Threat Initiative
                  "The Mountaintop: A World Free of Nuclear Weapons"
                 International Conference on Nuclear Disarmament
                                   Oslo, Norway
                                 February 27, 2008


        Thank you, Kåre, for that generous introduction. We appreciate the extraordinary
job you have done in organizing this conference. Your government of Norway is a global
leader in ideas and actions to reduce nuclear dangers and to better mankind, and I am
honored to be here as a part of this meeting. Over the past two days, you have given
those of us here from America the chance to hear important views from around the world.
Listening is not always what America does best, so I view this as a great opportunity, to
both listen and learn from all of you.

      My first trip to Oslo was 46 years ago -- October 1962 ­ at the height of the
Cuban Missile Crisis. I was a 24-year-old lawyer with the House Armed Services
Committee on an Air Force Trip to NATO.

        Several strategic decisions were made while I was on this trip. President Kennedy
imposed a naval blockade. To the world's great relief, Premier Khrushchev ordered all
Soviet missiles removed from Cuba. I made three strategic decisions of my own. First,
after detailed day-to-day classified briefings on the crisis for ten days, I recognized how
close the world was to nuclear war and made my own decision to try to reduce the
dangers if I ever had the chance. Second, with three girlfriends in the United States, I
bought three wonderful Norwegian ski sweaters. My third decision: after I met an
impressive American girl on my next stop in Paris, I decided to give her the most
beautiful sweater. It worked ­ slowly ­ three years later she became my wife. It is fair to
say that the events and decisions that unfolded on my trip to Norway had a profound
effect on my professional and personal life.

       I. The Nuclear Age ­ The First 60 Years

      At the dawn of the nuclear age -- after the devastation of Hiroshima and
Nagasaki-- General Omar Bradley said in a speech:

        "The world has achieved brilliance without wisdom. Ours is a world of nuclear
giants and ethical infants. We know more about war than we know about peace, more
about killing than we know about living."
       It might surprise General Bradley, if he were alive today, to know that we have
made it 60 years without a nuclear attack. Thousands of men and women thought deeply
and worked diligently on both sides of the Iron Curtain to prevent nuclear war, to avoid
overreacting to false warnings and to provide safety mechanisms and joint understanding
to reduce risk.

        We were good, we were diligent, but we were also very lucky. We had more than
a few close calls, including: the Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962; the 1979 scare when a
technician at Omaha accidentally loaded a simulated attack into our warning system; the
1983 Soviet warning glitch which falsely showed five nuclear missiles launched against it
by the United States; the 1995 peaceful rocket launch from Norway that Russian early
warning systems initially misinterpreted and set in motion Russian procedures for a
nuclear response. India and Pakistan have already had more than one close call ­ and
their nuclear age has just begun.

       The United States is not immune to mistakes: the world recently learned that on
August 29-30, 2007, six cruise missiles armed with nuclear warheads were unknowingly
and mistakenly loaded from storage and put onto an Air Force plane. The weapons were
flown across the country and unloaded, and for 36 hours, no one knew where the
warheads were or even that they were missing from storage.

       II. The Nuclear Age Today ­ The Tipping Point

       Making it through 60 years without a nuclear attack should not make us
complacent. If we're to avoid a catastrophe, all nuclear powers will have to be highly
capable, careful, competent, rational, and lucky ­ every single time.

       We do have important efforts underway and some important successes, including
the Nunn-Lugar Cooperative Threat Reduction program, G8 Global Partnership, the
Global Threat Reduction Initiative, the Global Initiative to Combat Nuclear Terrorism,
the Proliferation Security Initiative and UN Resolution 1540. These all mark progress and
potential, but from my perspective, the risk of a nuclear weapon being used today is
growing, not receding. The storm clouds are gathering:

   ·   Terrorists are seeking nuclear weapons and there can be little doubt that if they
       acquire a weapon that they will use it.

   ·   There are nuclear weapons materials in more than 40 countries, some secured by
       nothing more than a chain link fence, and, at the current pace, it will be several
       decades before this material is adequately secured or eliminated globally.

   ·   The know-how and expertise to build nuclear weapons is far more available today
       because of an explosion of information and commerce throughout the world.

   ·   The number of nuclear weapons states is increasing. A world with 12 or 20
       nuclear weapons states will be immeasurably more dangerous than today's world


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       and make it more likely that weapons or materials to make them will fall into the
       hands of terrorists with no return address. Developments in cyberterrorism pose
       new threats that could have disastrous consequences if the command-and-control
       systems of any nuclear-weapons state were compromised.

   ·   With the growing interest in nuclear energy, a number of countries are
       considering developing the capacity to enrich uranium ostensibly to use as fuel for
       nuclear energy, but this would also give them the capacity to move quickly to a
       nuclear weapons program if they chose to do so.

   ·   Meanwhile, the United States and Russia continue to deploy thousands of nuclear
       weapons on ballistic missiles that can hit their targets in less than 30 minutes ­ a
       short warning time, prompt launch capability that carries with it an increasingly
       unacceptable risk of an accidental, mistaken or unauthorized launch.

       The bottom line: the accelerating spread of nuclear weapons, nuclear know-how
and nuclear material has brought us to a nuclear tipping point. The world is heading in a
very dangerous direction.

       III. The Need For a New Direction

       The greatest dangers of the Cold War were addressed primarily by confrontation
with Moscow. The greatest global threats today -- catastrophic terrorism, a rise in the
number of nuclear weapons states, increasing danger of mistaken, accidental or
unauthorized nuclear launch ­ can only be prevented in cooperation with Moscow,
Beijing and many other capitals.

        Both leaders and citizens from around the world must reflect on what is at stake.
I believe that we are in a race between cooperation and catastrophe.

       IV. The Vision of Ending This Threat to the World

        With these growing dangers and stakes in mind, George Shultz, Bill Perry, Henry
Kissinger and I published an op-ed in January 2007 in The Wall Street Journal that called
for a different direction for our global nuclear policy with both vision and steps.

        The four of us, and the many other former security leaders who joined us, are
keenly aware that the quest for a nuclear weapons free world is fraught with practical and
political challenges. As The Economist magazine wisely said in 2006: "By simply
demanding the goal of a world without nuclear weapons without a readiness to tackle the
practical problems raised by it ensures that it will never happen."

       We have taken aim at the "practical problems" by laying out a series of steps that
we believe constitute the "urgent new actions" for reducing the nuclear dangers and lay
the groundwork for building a world free of the nuclear threat.




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       As Secretary Shultz said yesterday, we need to "wake up" to urgent tasks:

   ·   We must change nuclear force postures in the United States and Russia to greatly
       increase warning time and ease our fingers away from the nuclear trigger.

   ·   We must reduce substantially nuclear forces in all states that possess them.

   ·   We must move toward developing cooperative multilateral ballistic-missile
       defense and early warning systems, which will reduce tensions over defensive
       systems and enhance the possibility of progress in other areas.

   ·   We must eliminate short-range "tactical" nuclear weapons ­ beginning with
       accountability and transparency between the United States and Russia.

   ·   We must work to bring the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty into force ­ in the
       United States and in other key states.

   ·   We must secure nuclear weapons and materials around the world to the highest
       standards.

   ·   We must develop a multinational approach to civil nuclear fuel production, phase
       out the use of highly enriched uranium in civil commerce, and halt the production
       of fissile material for weapons.

   ·   We must redouble efforts to resolve the regional confrontations that increase
       demand for nuclear weapons.

   ·   We must enhance our verification and enforcement capabilities ­ and our political
       will to do both.

        Each step will help reverse the spread of nuclear weapons. Each step will reduce
the risk of nuclear use. Each step will inspire greater cooperation. And each step will
help build a foundation of cooperation and trust ­ among the United States, Russia and
China, and all nuclear weapons states. Without Russia as a strong security partner in
Europe, Asia, and globally, each step will move from difficult to impossible.

      V. No Security Without Cooperation; No Cooperation Without Non-
Nuclear Vision -- The Core Argument

       Strategic cooperation must become the cornerstone of our national defense against
nuclear weapons. This is not because cooperation gives us a warm feeling of community,
but because every other method will fail.

       I have concluded that we cannot defend America without taking these steps; we
cannot take these steps without the cooperation of other nations; we cannot get the



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cooperation of other nations without the vision and hope of a world that will someday
end these weapons of mass destruction as a threat to the world.

        I also believe that this same logic applies to other nations around the world. The
use of a nuclear weapon anywhere will affect every nation everywhere.

         The vision and actions must go together. Without the bold vision, the actions will
not be perceived as fair or urgent. Without the actions, the vision will not be perceived as
realistic or possible.

        This will be a challenging process that must be accomplished in stages. The
United States must keep its nuclear weapons as long as other nations do. But we will be
safer, and the world will be safer, if we are working toward the goal of deemphasizing
nuclear weapons and keeping them out of dangerous hands -- and ultimately ridding our
world of them.

        The good news is that momentum for action is building. We can see it here in this
room at this distinguished meeting hosted by our Norwegian friends with more than 100
participants from 29 countries. We have seen it in the commitment of the government of
the United Kingdom. We have seen it in Russia with the constructive words of Foreign
Minister Lavrov, former Defense Minister Sergei Ivanov and former Foreign Minister
Igor Ivanov. And we are seeing it in America, where 17 of the 24 former Secretaries of
Defense and State and National Security Advisors spanning nine Administrations are
supporting the vision of a world free from nuclear weapons and the steps needed to move
in that direction.

       VI. The Vision of a World Without Nuclear Weapons ­ A Long and
Distinguished History

       In the 1960s, at an earlier tipping point in the nuclear age, it was the vision of a
nuclear weapons free world that pulled us back from the edge. It came in the form of the
Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty. The Treaty was built on three promises:

           o The Article VI commitment of nuclear weapons states to move toward
             nuclear disarmament;
           o The commitment of non-nuclear weapons states to forego nuclear
             weapons;
           o The commitment that all nations should have access to nuclear technology
             for peaceful purposes.

        The Nonproliferation Treaty ­ and its vision of a world free of nuclear weapons ­
has been successful in keeping the number of nuclear weapons states below what almost
anyone in the 1960s expected by the turn of the 20th century. But today, the Treaty is in
trouble. In the eyes of its critics, the Treaty has served to enshrine the nuclear weapons
inequalities that existed the day it was signed. As they see it, those who had nuclear
weapons on that day continue to keep them; those who didn't ­ tough luck. There can be



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endless argument about exactly what the Article VI commitment means and the
timetable, but it must mean at least this: Nuclear weapons nations must visibly and
steadily reduce their reliance on nuclear weapons. Today the world believes they are not
­ and that belief has a clear and increasingly negative impact on our efforts to prevent the
spread and use of nuclear weapons. As IAEA Director ElBaradei has said: "It's hard to
tell people not to smoke when you have a cigarette dangling from your mouth."

       VII. The First Steps in the Ascent

        This is not, however, just about setting an example. It is about our own security
and survival. We in America should ask ourselves a long overdue question: 17 years
after the Cold War, how can it be in the United States' national security interest for the
President of Russia to have only a few minutes to decide whether to fire his nuclear
weapons or lose them in response to what could be a false warning? I would hope that
this question would be asked in reverse in Russia. I have posed this question to both
Presidents Bush and Putin in person over the past few months. It is my hope that the
United States and Russia will begin to ask this question together and over time other
nuclear nations will join in this exercise in survival.

        If together we increase warning time -- making nuclear weapons less relevant ­
and at the same time reduce our numbers of weapons -- it will strengthen our fight
against the spread of nuclear weapons and nuclear materials.

         This is not because our example is likely to inspire Iran, North Korea or al Qaeda
to say "we have seen the light," but because many more nations will be willing to join us
in a firm and vigorous approach to stop the proliferation of nuclear weapons and
materials and prevent catastrophic terrorism.

   VIII. The Mountaintop

       The reaction of many people to the vision and steps to eliminate the nuclear threat
comes in two parts ­ on the one hand they say "that would be great." And their second
thought is: "We can never get there."

       To me, the goal of a world free of nuclear weapons is like the top of a very tall
mountain. It is tempting and easy to say: "We can't get there from here." It is true that
today in our troubled world we can't see the top of the mountain.

       But we can see that we are heading down -- not up. We can see that we must turn
around, that we must take paths leading to higher ground and that we must get others to
move with us. We must find trails leading upward.

        Once we get to higher ground there will remain serious obstacles between us and
the top. We must develop ironclad verification procedures and assurances for monitoring
and enforcing a prohibition on nuclear weapons. We must be able to respond quickly and
decisively to any attempt to cheat. Today it is very apparent that our capability to detect



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and respond needs considerable strengthening, including rebuilding the confidence of our
allies and friends in the accuracy and objectivity of U.S. intelligence.

       Both the good and bad news is that, given the big steps required to move upward,
we have time to work on the transition from higher ground to the top. It is not too soon
to begin.

       IX. A Parable of Hope

       Let me close with a parable of hope. After the collapse of the Soviet Union, when
the United States began assisting Russia's work to dismantle Soviet nuclear missiles and
warheads, our countries struck a deal called the U.S.­Russian Highly Enriched Uranium
Agreement.

        Under this agreement, which is celebrating its 15th anniversary this month, 500
tons of highly enriched uranium from former Soviet nuclear weapons is being blended
down to low enriched uranium, and then used as fuel for nuclear power plants in the
United States. Shipments began in 1995 and will continue through 2013. When you
calculate that 20% of all electricity in the U.S. comes from nuclear power plants, and
50% of the nuclear fuel used in the U.S. comes from Russia and Ukraine through the
HEU Agreement, you have an interesting fact: roughly speaking ­ one out of every ten
light bulbs in America today is powered by material that was in Soviet nuclear warheads
pointed at us a few years ago.

       From swords to ploughshares. Who would have thought this possible in the
1950s, 1960s, 1970s, 1980s or even in the early 90s? It would have certainly been seen
as a mountain too high to climb.

        Nearly 20 years ago, President Reagan asked an audience to imagine that "all of
us discovered that we were threatened by a power from outer space--from another
planet." The President then asked: "Wouldn't we come together to fight that particular
threat?" After letting that image sink in for a moment, President Reagan came to his
point: "We now have a weapon that can destroy the world -- why don't we recognize that
threat more clearly and then come together with one aim in mind: how safely, sanely, and
quickly can we rid the world of this threat to our civilization and our existence."

       If we want our children and grandchildren to ever see the mountaintop, our
generation must begin to answer this question.

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