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COMMISSION OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES …
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COMMISSION OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES
Brussels, 10.1.2007
COM(2006) 847 final
COMMUNICATION FROM THE COMMISSION TO THE COUNCIL, THE
EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT, THE EUROPEAN ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL
COMMITTEE AND THE COMMITTEE OF THE REGIONS
Towards a European Strategic Energy Technology Plan
EN EN
COMMUNICATION FROM THE COMMISSION TO THE COUNCIL, THE
EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT, THE EUROPEAN ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL
COMMITTEE AND THE COMMITTEE OF THE REGIONS
Towards a European Strategic Energy Technology Plan
(Text with EEA relevance)
1. INTRODUCTION THE EUROPEAN ENERGY CHALLENGE
Europe has entered a new energy era, as presented in the Energy Green Paper 'A European
Strategy for a Sustainable, Competitive, and Secure Energy'1. Global demand for energy is
increasing within a framework of high and unstable energy prices. Emissions of greenhouse
gases are rising. Reserves of oil and gas are concentrated in a few countries. Against this
backdrop, it is clear that the European Union and the rest of the world have not reacted
quickly enough to increase the use of low-carbon energy technologies or to improve energy
efficiency. As a consequence, climate change has become a real threat and security of energy
supply is worsening. EU greenhouse gas emissions will exceed the 1990 level by 2% in 2010
and by 5% in 20302. EU dependence on imported energy will increase from the current 50%
to 65% by 2030.
Given the severity of the threats for the European Union, the Commission in its
Communication "An Energy Policy for Europe"3 proposes a strategic energy policy objective:
by 2020, the EU will reduce its greenhouse gas emissions by at least 20% compared to 1990
levels in a manner compatible with its competitiveness objectives. In addition, according to
the Commission Communication "Limiting Climate Change to 2°C - Policy Options for the
EU and the World for 2020 and Beyond"4, by 2050 global greenhouse gas emissions must be
reduced by 50% compared to 1990 levels, implying reductions in industrialised countries of
60 to 80%.
2. A VISION OF EUROPE'S ENERGY FUTURE
To turn towards security and sustainability, Europe's energy system must rapidly progress on
four main fronts:
The efficient conversion and use of energy in all sectors of the economy, coupled with
decreasing energy intensity;
The diversification of the energy mix in favour of renewables and low-carbon conversion
technologies for electricity, heating and cooling;
1
COM(2006) 105, 8.3.2006.
2
According to the PRIMES model baseline scenario which takes into account approved policy and a
business as usual scenario
3
COM(2007) 1, 10.1.2007.
4
COM(2007) 2, 10.1.2007.
EN 2 EN
The decarbonisation of the transport system through switching to alternative fuels;
Full liberalisation and interconnection of energy systems, incorporating 'smart' information
and communication technologies to provide a resilient and interactive (customers/
operators) service network.
The Annex to this Communication presents an independent overview5 of the energy
technologies that can contribute to achieving these goals, as well as the vision statements of
the European Technology Platforms in the energy field. Together, they enable a tentative
picture to be built up of how the energy technology landscape could evolve:
By 2020 technology advances will enable the 20% renewable market penetration target to
be met. We will see a sharp increase in the share of lower cost renewables (including the
roll-out of off-shore wind and 2nd generation biofuels) and clean coal technologies in the
energy system. Energy efficiency will be taken onto a new level, with the 20% reduction
potential achieved, and efficient hybrid vehicles will be widespread;
In the 2030 time horizon electricity and heat production should be well down the road to
decarbonisation, with fully competitive renewable energy technologies, including mass-
market large-scale offshore wind, and extensive near-zero emission fossil fuel power
plants. We should also see widespread fuel diversification in the transport sector, with
mass markets for 2nd generation biofuels and the penetration of hydrogen fuel cells;
For 2050 and beyond, a paradigm shift in the way we produce, distribute and use energy
should be completed, with an overall energy mix largely comprising renewables,
sustainable coal and gas, sustainable hydrogen, Generation IV fission power and fusion
energy.
This is a vision of a European Union with a thriving and sustainable economy, with world
leadership in a diverse portfolio of clean, efficient and low-carbon energy technologies as a
motor for prosperity and a key contributor to growth and jobs. A European Union that has
grasped the opportunities lying behind the threats of climate change and globalisation and that
it is ready to contribute to the global energy challenge, including increasing access to modern
energy services in the developing world.
3. THE VITAL ROLE OF ENERGY TECHNOLOGY
Innovation in energy technology shapes society. The steam engine triggered the industrial
revolution. The internal combustion engine made mass transport possible. Gas turbines in
aviation have shrunk the world. But the explosion in demand brought about by the success of
energy technology has a price. Energy underpins the social and economic fabric of society,
rendering it vulnerable to disruptions in supply. It is also damaging the planet. Climate
change, driven by energy-related greenhouse gas emissions, is widely regarded as "the
greatest and widest-ranging market failure ever seen"6 and a major threat to the global
economy.
5
From the Sixth framework programme's Advisory Group on Energy (AGE).
6
Stern Review on the Economics of Climate Change UK HM Treasury: http://www.hm-
treasury.gov.uk/independent_reviews/stern_review_economics_climate_change/sternreview_index.cfm
EN 3 EN
In the 21st century technology has a vital role to play in breaking once and for all the link
between economic development and environmental degradation, by ensuring sufficient clean,
secure and affordable energy. Strong policies to enhance energy efficiency and incentives for
the introduction of low-carbon technologies, combined with a stable market for carbon
emissions, can set the direction, but it is technology, allied to behavioural changes, that will
have to deliver.
Technological progress can create new opportunities to harness the vast but largely untapped
renewable energy sources. It will increase energy efficiency throughout the energy system,
from source to user, progressively decarbonise transport and the conversion of fossil fuels and
deliver advanced options for nuclear energy. Information and communication technologies
will contribute to demand reduction and allow the smart interconnection of European energy
networks.
Investing more and better in new energy technologies must be a strategic priority for the
European Union. The global nature of the energy challenge and the massive investments
required world-wide represent an opportunity in terms of growth and jobs. The International
Energy Agency estimates that 16 trillion Euros will have to be invested in energy-supply
infrastructure worldwide in the period up to 20307. Most of this represents export potential for
European businesses. The European Union must be in the vanguard of this global effort.
4. WHAT HAS BEEN ACHIEVED TO DATE
Energy research has been carried out at EU level since the 1960s, initially under the European
Coal and Steel Community and Euratom treaties and continuing under successive research
Framework Programmes. These Community actions have a proven European added value in
terms of building critical mass, strengthening excellence and exercising a catalytic effect on
national activities. In combination with national programmes, working at European level with
an adequate combination of innovation and regulatory measures has produced substantial
results, for instance in the fields of clean and efficient coal, renewables, energy efficiency,
cogeneration and nuclear energy. This can be illustrated through some examples:
Wind energy8: technological progress has enabled a 100-fold increase in the power of wind
turbines, from 50 kW to 5 MW units, in 20 years and reduced costs by more than 50%. In
consequence, the installed capacity has increased 24 times in the last ten years to reach 40
GW in Europe, which represents 75% of global capacity.
Photovoltaics9: in 2005, the world production of photovoltaic modules was 1760 MW
compared to 90 MW in 1996. Over the same period, the average module price has
decreased from about 5/W to about 3/W. In Europe, the installed capacity has increased
35-fold in 10 years to reach 1800MW in 2005 and the average annual growth rate of about
35% in the past decade makes photovoltaics one of the fastest growing energy industries.
7
IEA World Energy Investment Outlook 2003.
8
European Wind Energy Technology Platform (http://www.windplatform.eu/).
9
European Photovoltaic Technology Platform
http://ec.europa.eu/research/energy/nn/nn_rt/nn_rt_pv/article_1933_en.htm)
EN 4 EN
Clean coal10: coal-fired power stations have already benefited from a one-third
improvement in efficiency over the last 30 years. Modern installations are now capable of
running at 40-45% efficiency, yet there is still plenty of scope for further development in
this area. A broad reduction in "classic" emissions (SO2, NOx and dust) has already been
completely implemented in many EU Member States.
The European fusion research programme through its cutting-edge project, ITER, provides
an exemplary model for large-scale international cooperation in research and development
involving seven partner countries representing more than half of the world's population.
The EU Research Framework Programmes will continue to form a key piece of the energy
technology development jigsaw. The Seventh Framework Programmes will support both
technological research and demonstration, not only within the Energy theme and Euratom
programme, but also as a cross-thematic element that is supported by most of the other
themes, in particular information and communication technologies, biotechnologies, materials
and transport. The programmes will also fund socio-economic and policy research on the
necessary changes at systemic level that are required for a transition to a 'low carbon economy
and society' in the European Union and beyond, while the Joint Research Centre provides
scientific and technical support to energy policy making. The Competitiveness and Innovation
Programme, and specifically its Intelligent Energy-Europe pillar, will complement this
activity by addressing non-technological barriers and providing support to accelerate
investment and stimulate the market uptake of innovative technologies across the Community.
In recent years, the European technology platforms (ETPs) established in the energy field (see
annex) have demonstrated the readiness of the research community and industry, together
with other important stakeholders, such as civil society organisations, to develop a common
vision and establish specific roadmaps to achieve it. These technology platforms are already
having an influence on European and national programmes, but this in itself does not
overcome the problem of fragmentation and overlapping activities. The platforms themselves
are calling for action at European level and a framework for the elaboration of large-scale
integrated initiatives needs to be developed for this to happen. A clear strategy for energy
technology would help these platforms work together more closely, rather than competing for
scarce investment resources.
5. THE INSUFFICIENT SCALE OF THE CURRENT EFFORT
'Business as usual' is not an option. The current trends and their projections into the future
demonstrate that we are simply not doing enough. To put the European Union and global
energy systems onto a sustainable path, to benefit from the consequent market opportunities
and to achieve the ambitious vision outlined above, will require a sea-change in European
energy technology innovation, from basic research right through to market take-up.
The energy technology innovation process demonstrates structural weaknesses that can only
be overcome by concerted action, simultaneously on many different fronts. The complexity of
the innovation process is characterised by long lead times to mass market (often decades) due
to the inertia inherent in existing energy systems, locked-in infrastructure investments,
10
Euracoal (http://euracoal.be/newsite/overview.php)
EN 5 EN
dominant, often natural monopoly, actors, diverse market incentives and network connection
challenges.
This is compounded by the disappointing progress towards a European Research and
Innovation Area and historically declining research budgets in the energy sector. For reasons
mainly related to the specificities of the sector, energy research budgets (public and private) in
OECD countries have halved in real terms since the 1980s11 and it is paramount that this trend
be decisively reversed, certainly in the European Union. Given the uncertainties and risks
inherent in low-carbon technology innovation, increased public investment and a stable,
predictable policy framework will play a vital role in leveraging increased private investment,
which should be the main driver of change.
The increased budgets of the Seventh Framework Programmes of the European Union, as
well as the Intelligent Energy-Europe Programme, are a step in the right direction. In the
former, the average annual budget dedicated to energy research (EC and Euratom) will be
886m, as compared to the 574m of the previous programme. Nevertheless, the contrast with
the planned sharp increases in the centrally managed research programmes of global
competitors is still stark. For example, the 2005 US Energy Bill proposes in the Federal
budget $4.4 billion for energy research in 2007, $5.3 billion in 2008 and $5.3 in 2009, sharply
up from the $3.6 billion dedicated in 2005.
In order to be able to compete in global markets, the European Union and its Member States
have both to increase their investment, public and private, and to mobilise all these resources
much more effectively to address the mismatch between the sheer magnitude of the challenge
and the underlying research and innovation effort. All Member States have their own research
programmes on energy, mostly with similar objectives and targeting the same technologies. In
addition, public and private research centres, universities and dedicated agencies complete a
picture of scattered, fragmented and sub-critical capacities. Working together will benefit all,
exploiting the federating role that the European Union can play in the field of energy.
The potential of enhanced international cooperation must also be harnessed in a more
effective way. Energy security and climate change are global issues with solutions that can be
deployed globally, giving rise to huge markets but also to severe competition. Finding the
right balance between cooperation and competition is vital. ITER and fusion have provided a
model for large-scale international cooperation in research to meet global challenges and such
an approach may have potential in other areas. The European Union and many of its Member
States also participate in multi-lateral co-operation initiatives, such as the International
Partnership for the Hydrogen Economy (IPHE), the Carbon Sequestration Leadership Forum
(CSLF) and the Generation IV International Forum (GIF), whose potential has still to be fully
realised. Synergies in the development of efficient and low carbon technologies should be
further enhanced by closer and result-oriented cooperation with international partners, e.g. the
United States.
11
OECD Round Table on Sustainable Development, 30 June 2006.
EN 6 EN
6. TRANSFORMING ENERGY TECHNOLOGY INNOVATION: A EUROPEAN STRATEGIC
ENERGY TECHNOLOGY PLAN (SET-PLAN)
The European Union must act jointly and urgently. It will take decades to progressively
transform the energy system, but we must start now. It is a process that requires strategic
action at European level, pro-active planning and a comprehensive policy framework. To
meet the challenge, we must develop a world-class portfolio of affordable, competitive, clean,
efficient and low-carbon technologies and create stable and predictable conditions for
industry, particularly SMEs, to ensure their widespread deployment in all sectors of the
economy.
The broad technology portfolio approach spreads risk and avoids locking-in to technologies
that may not provide the best solution in the long run. The portfolio includes existing
technologies that can be deployed immediately, technologies where incremental
improvements are needed, technologies where breakthroughs are required, transition
technologies and technologies which necessitate major changes to existing infrastructures and
supply chains. All of these technologies face different challenges and barriers and are likely to
be brought to commercialisation within different time horizons.
Creating the framework conditions and incentives for the development and take-up of energy
technologies is a matter of public policy. A whole range of instruments is available at
European and national level to help accelerate technology development (technology push) and
the market introduction process (demand pull). The following is a non-exhaustive inventory
of such instruments:
Technology push instruments: EU Research Framework Programme and associated
initiatives (e.g. European Research Area Networks scheme, Risk Sharing Finance Facility
of the European Investment Bank, Infrastructures for research, Joint Technology Initiatives
and other possibilities under Articles 168, 169 and 171 of the EC Treaty and Title II of the
Euratom Treaty), European Coal and Steel Research Fund, national research and
innovation programmes, venture capital and innovative financing mechanisms12, European
Investment Bank, Structural Funds for innovation, COST, EUREKA, European
Technology Platforms.
Demand pull instruments: EU directives setting targets and minimum requirements,
performance regulations, pricing policies (Emissions Trading Scheme and fiscal
instruments such as energy taxation), energy labelling, standards policy, voluntary
agreements of industry, feed-in tariffs, quotas, obligations, green and white certificates,
planning/building regulations, grants for early adopters, fiscal incentives, competition
policy, public procurement policies, trade agreements.
Integrated innovation instruments: The proposed new European Institute of Technology
(EIT) will play an important role in enhancing the relations and synergies between
innovation, research and education. The creation of an energy-related Knowledge and
Innovation Community may be envisaged by its autonomous Governing Board. The
Community Competitiveness and Innovation Programme (in particular the Intelligent
Energy-Europe programme) seeks to remove non-technological barriers that prevent
market take-up. In addition, the lead market approach announced in the recent innovation
12
For example, the EU Global Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Fund (GEEREF).
EN 7 EN
strategy13 could lend itself well to the launching of large-scale strategic actions aimed at
facilitating the creation of new knowledge-intensive energy markets.
The essence of the European Strategic Energy Technology Plan (SET-Plan) will be to match
the most appropriate set of policy instruments to the needs of different technologies at
different stages of the development and deployment cycle. The SET-Plan must therefore
embrace all aspects of technological innovation, as well as the policy framework required to
encourage business and the financial community to deliver and support the efficient and low-
carbon technologies that will shape our common future. In coherence with the
Communication "An Energy Policy for Europe"14, the SET-Plan will address different time
horizons and important milestones that have to be met to put our energy system on a
sustainable path. The socio-economic dimension, including behavioural changes and social
attitudes with an impact on energy use will also be taken into account.
The SET-Plan must stem from a shared and inclusive European vision, involving all relevant
actors: industry, the research community, the financial community, public bodies, users, civil
society, citizens, unions. It must be ambitious in setting targets, but realistic and pragmatic
regarding resources. While avoiding being perceived as a European level 'picking winners'
approach, the SET-Plan will have to be selective 'different horses for different courses'
ensuring that the right portfolio of technologies is brought forward to enable Member States
to pick and choose the appropriate combination for their preferred energy mix, indigenous
resource base and exploitation potential.
The strategic element of the plan will be to identify those technologies for which it is essential
that the European Union as a whole finds a more powerful way of mobilising resources in
ambitious result-oriented actions to accelerate development and deployment. Technologies on
which we should work in strong coalitions or partnerships, identifying precise and measurable
objectives and then pursuing these in a focused and coordinated manner, sharing risks and
leveraging sufficient resources from a wide variety of sources. Possible examples of such
large-scale initiatives, which are beyond the capacity of any single country, could be
biorefineries, sustainable coal and gas technologies, fuel cells and hydrogen and Generation
IV nuclear fission.
The SET-Plan will not be an isolated initiative, but will build on and complement existing
initiatives, such as national energy strategies and reviews, as well as the Environmental
Technologies Action Plan (ETAP) and the planned flagship initiative on Information and
Communication Technologies for Sustainable Growth, where there is potential to optimise
synergies.
7. PROCESS TO ARRIVE AT THE SET-PLAN
The Commission intends to put forward a first European Strategic Energy Technology Plan
for endorsement by the 2008 Spring Council.
To arrive at a shared European vision on the role that technology can play in the context of a
European energy policy and produce a credible and widely supported SET-Plan requires
widespread consultation and the active involvement of all relevant stakeholders. It must be a
13
COM(2006) 502, 13.9.2006.
14
COM(2007) 1.
EN 8 EN
broad, participative, consensus-building initiative, based on a thorough analysis of the
strengths and weaknesses of the current innovation system and an objective assessment of the
realistic potential of technologies to contribute to energy policy goals.
A two-stage approach is envisaged. In an initial phase, up to May 2007, the Commission will
consult with established advisory and stakeholder groups, such as the High Level Group on
Competitiveness, Energy and Environment, the FP7 Advisory Groups, relevant European
Technology Platforms and Member State groups. A series of expert workshops will be
convened and, possibly, a high-level European conference organised in the first half of 2007.
In a second phase, around July 2007, a public consultation on a preliminary draft SET-Plan
will be conducted. The input from the consultation will then be incorporated into the plan and
a final round of validation with experts and advisory groups carried out to ensure its
robustness.
The delivery of the first SET-Plan by the end of 2007 will not be a one-off exercise, but the
start of a dynamic process that will be regularly reviewed and adjusted to changing needs and
priorities. To this end, the plan will also propose a monitoring and evaluation scheme,
including technology watch and assessment and an extension of the 'EU Industrial R&D
Investment Scoreboard'15 to include energy research.
8. CONCLUSIONS
(1) The world has entered a new energy era. The European Union should lead the way
towards a paradigm shift in the way energy is produced, distributed and used.
(2) Energy technology has a vital role to play in breaking once and for all the link between
economic development and environmental degradation.
(3) In combination with national activities, working at European level with an adequate
combination of innovation and regulatory measures has produced substantial results.
(4) However, the continuation of 'business as usual' is no longer an option. The current
trends and their projections into the future demonstrate that we are simply not doing
enough to respond to the energy challenge.
(5) The Commission's view is that the increased budgets of the Seventh Framework
Programmes (50%, from 574M/year to 886M/year), as well as the Intelligent
Energy-Europe Programme (100%, from 50M/year to 100M/year), are a step in the
right direction that Member States and industry should at least match.
(6) The European Union must act jointly and urgently, agreeing and implementing a
European Strategic Energy Technology Plan (SET-Plan) in 2007 embracing the whole
innovation process, from basic research to market take-up and facilitating research and
development cooperation with international partners.
(7) The SET-Plan must stem from a shared and inclusive European vision, involving all
relevant actors. It must be ambitious in setting targets, but realistic and pragmatic
15
Published annually by the European Commission: http://iri.jrc.es/do/home/portal/inicio
EN 9 EN
regarding resources. The strategic element of the SET-Plan will be to identify those
technologies for which it is essential that the European Union as a whole finds a more
powerful way of mobilising resources in ambitious result-oriented actions to accelerate
their pathway to the market.
EN 10 EN
ANNEX
Overview of key low-carbon technologies at different stages of innovation and their
prospects for market penetration
1. The analysis of the FP6 Advisory Group on Energy
The report 'Transition to a sustainable energy system for Europe: The R&D perspective'
(2006, EUR 22394) by the FP6 Advisory Group on Energy identifies key future technology
options. Their analysis, which provides a useful reference point, is summarised below.
Time to widespread Transport technology Electricity/heat conversion
deployment technology
Immediate/Short- Reduction in demand (e.g. smaller Low/medium temperature solar
term engines) thermal applications for hot water,
heating, cooling, industrial processes
Advanced high-efficiency ICEs Combined Cycle Gas Turbine
(CCGT)
Nuclear fission (Gen III/III+)
Improved hybrid electric designs with
petrol, diesel, biodiesel Wind energy (including offshore/deep
offshore)
System integration (grid issues)
Bio-diesel; bio-ethanol
Solid biomass
Co-processing of biomass with fossil Fuel cells (SOFC, MCFC)
fuels Geothermal energy (including deep
geothermal HDR/HFR)
Synthetic fuels from gas/coal-Fischer- Carbon capture and storage (CCS)
Tropsch Cleaner use of coal (steam/gas
turbine, combined cycle) with CCS
Biofuels from ligno-cellulosic Advanced fossil fuel plants
feedstocks (super/ultra-supercritical steam;
Integrated Gasification CC (IGCC),
with CCS
Electric vehicles (EVs) with advanced
battery electricity storage Solar photovoltaic (PV)
Solar thermal power plants
Hydrogen with fuel cells Ocean energy (wave, sea current)
Nuclear fission Generation IV
Longer term Air transport: hydrogen/gas turbine Nuclear fusion
End-use energy efficiency technologies are also analysed in the report, but the range is so
extensive that a concise summary, as above, is not possible. The full report can be
downloaded from: http://ec.europa.eu/research/energy/gp/gp_pu/article_1100_en.htm
EN 11 EN
2. Prospects for market penetration the vision statements of European technology
platforms in the energy field
According to the zero emission fossil fuel power plants ETP16, by 2020, fossil fuel power
plants will either be capable of capturing almost all their CO2 emissions in an economically
viable manner, or will be able to include CO2 capture systems ("capture-ready"). Between
now and 2050, this would equate to a progressive diminution of 60% in CO2 emissions from
power generation and demonstrate the importance of zero-emission fossil fuel energy.
The biofuels ETP17 considers that up to one quarter of EU road transport fuel needs can be
met by clean and CO2 efficient biofuels by 2030.
The photovoltaic ETP18 confirms that the 3 GW target for 2010 can be achieved. Furthermore,
by 2030 the cost of photovoltaic generation will be competitive in most parts of the electricity
market. The installed capacity may increase to 200 GW in the EU and 1000 GW worldwide,
giving access to electricity to more than 100 million families, particularly in rural areas.
The wind energy ETP19 projections for 2030 suggest that 23% of European electricity could
be provided by wind farms, with 300 GW installed capacity (supplying 965 TWh, up from 83
TWh in 2005).
The hydrogen and fuel cell ETP20 foresees in its 2020 snap-shot that fuel cells for portable
devices and portable power generation will be established markets. Regarding stationary
combined heat and power applications, the installed capacity could be up to 16 GW, and in
the road transport sector, again by 2020, the start of a mass-market roll-out of hydrogen
powered vehicles could represent annual sales of up to 1.8 million vehicles.
The solar thermal ETP21 considers that this technology will cover up to 50% of all heating
applications requiring temperatures up to 250°C by 2030. The total installed capacity could
reach 200 GW(thermal).
The smartgrids ETP22 looks at the future electricity networks needed to enable the energy
system to meet the needs of Europe's future. Taking advantage of advanced ICT, networks
must become flexible, accessible, reliable and economic, embracing the latest technologies to
ensure success, whilst retaining the flexibility to adapt to changing needs.
16
http://www.zero-emissionplatform.eu/website/
17
http://ec.europa.eu/research/energy/pdf/draft_vision_report_en.pdf
18
http://ec.europa.eu/research/energy/nn/nn_rt/nn_rt_pv/article_1933_en.htm
19
http://www.windplatform.eu/
20
https://www.hfpeurope.org/
21
http://www.esttp.org/cms/front_content.php
22
http://www.smartgrids.eu
EN 12 EN