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Tags: abundant supplies, acid rain, byproducts, chinese exports, close ties, coal power, dirty air, economic oil, environmental devastation, environmental impact, gas prices, geographic borders, greenhouse gases, harvard university, ill wind, jan mazurek, polluted cities, power plant emissions, stable supply, voracious appetite,Pages: 11
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Created: Tue Apr 26 19:06:32 2005
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Policy Report
April 2005
Ill Wind From China
Rapid Growth Brings Pollution, Higher Gas Prices
By Jan Mazurek
W
hen Americans think of Chinese exports, we usually think of things that
carry "Made in China" stickers--toys, shoes, consumer electronics, and
the like--rather than pollution. But China is in fact starting to send us
high volumes of smog, acid rain, mercury, and greenhouse gases, too. These foul
byproducts of its superheated economic growth do not stay confined within any
geographic borders. They are contributing to environmental devastation not just in
China, which has many of the world's most polluted cities,1 but also here in the
United States and around the world. For example, researchers at Harvard University
recently discovered that a plume of dirty air over New England was comprised of
chemicals that could only have originated in China.2 Particularly worrisome are coal
power plant emissions of mercury, a toxin that is especially dangerous for pregnant
women and children.
China is fueling its frenetic economic oil-rich regimes to assure "a stable supply of
expansion--a growth rate that has reached energy," China seems bent on taking our place.
8 percent per year, and is expected to rise even It has, for example, forged close ties in recent
higher--with prodigious consumption of energy, years with some of the world's least savory
including its own abundant supplies of coal, and, regimes: Iran, Syria, Sudan, and Venezuela. Most
increasingly, imported oil and natural gas. In recently, as Europe and the United States have
addition to the environmental impact, China's worked together to persuade Iran to give up its
voracious appetite for that energy is responsible nuclear weapons programs, China has undercut
for the lion's share of the surge in demand that them by dropping broad hints that it will veto
is driving up world crude oil prices.3 As a result, any attempt by the United Nations to impose
American consumers are feeling the pinch in economic sanctions on Tehran.
the form of escalating prices at the gas pump. These developments expose the basic
Beijing's emergence as a major consumer weakness of the Bush-Cheney administration's
of oil and gas also has important ramifications petro-centric and insular energy policies. For all
for international relations and U.S. security. Just their talk of "energy independence," it is
as the United States is finally moving away from impossible for the United States to escape the
its old discredited policy of propping up despotic, reality of global interdependence when it comes
Jan Mazurek is director of PPI's Energy and Environment Project.
"One person with a belief is a social power equal to
ninety-nine who have only interests."
--John Stuart Mill
The Progressive Policy Institute
The Progressive Policy Institute is a catalyst for political change and renewal. Its mission is to
modernize progressive politics and governance for the 21st century. Moving beyond the left-
right debates of the last century, PPI is a prolific source of the Third Way thinking that is
reshaping politics both in the United States and around the world.
The PPI invents new ways to advance enduring progressive principles: equal opportunity,
mutual responsibility, civic enterprise, public sector reform, national strength, and collective
security. Its "progressive market strategy" embraces economic innovation, fiscal discipline,
and open markets, while also equipping working families with new tools for success. Its signa-
ture policy blueprints include national service, community policing, and a social compact that
requires and rewards work; new public schools based on accountability, choice, and
customization; a networked government that uses information technology to break down bu-
reaucratic barriers; pollution trading markets and other steps toward a clean energy economy;
a citizen-centered approach to universal health care; and a progressive internationalism that
commits America's strength to the defense of liberal democracy.
Rejecting tired dogmas, PPI brings a spirit of radical pragmatism and experimentation to the
challenge of restoring our collective problem-solving capacities--and thereby reviving public
confidence in what progressive governance can accomplish.
The Progressive Policy Institute is a project of the Third Way Foundation.
www.ppionline.org
to assuring a healthy environment and abundant, pendence on oil. China and other developing
affordable energy. Yet the White House, abetted nations' needs will overwhelm the marginal gain
by the Republican Congress, clings obstinately in domestic oil production that could be
to a narrow set of unilateralist positions that achieved by drilling in Alaska's Arctic National
prevent America from doing anything serious Wildlife Refuge (ANWR). Forcasts from the U.S.
to stop global warming, curtail mercury Department of Energy indicate that the amount
emissions, or reduce our dangerous dependence of oil available in ANWR, which will take at least
on oil. In recent years, Americans have reaped 10 years to recover, would represent roughly
the bitter fruits of the administration's "go-it- 5 percent of our domestic oil consumption, and
alone" approach to national security. We must just a little more than 1 percent of the world's
not make the same mistake now on energy and consumption.4
the environment. Meanwhile, the United States sits sullenly
The shear scale of China's energy con- on the sidelines as the rest of the world
sumption--which, while growing rapidly, is grapples, however imperfectly, with the
still far below our own--underscores the fu- challenge of global climate change.The Kyoto
tility of the Bush-Cheney energy policy, which Protocol to the United Nations Framework
would perpetuate America's dangerous de- Convention on Climate Change, the
2 PROGRESSIVE POLICY INSTITUTE
international agreement to limit greenhouse challenges posed by China and other devel-
gas emissions, such as carbon dioxide, recently oping nations, the centerpiece of the Bush
took effect. America is not a party to that administration's policy is simply to find more
effort, as President Bush withdrew U.S. domestic sup-
support as one of his first acts in office. It is plies of oil. The
true that the original treaty was deeply flawed, Progressive "The shear scale of
asking too much of the United States and too Policy Institute China's energy
very little of developing nations, such as China supports a prin- consumption
or Brazil. However, by unilaterally cipled approach
underscores the futility
withdrawing from negotiations, rather than to domestic oil
working on new agreements intended to fix and gas produc- of the Bush-Cheney
those flaws, the United States defaulted on its tion that bal- energy policy, which
responsibility as the world's largest economy ances our need would perpetuate
to provide global leadership on climate to expand en- America's dangerous
change. In addition, the administration missed ergy supplies dependence on oil."
a similar opportunity to do anything serious with our obliga-
at the international level about the growing tion to conserve
environmental and health threat posed by such national treasures as ANWR.6 However,
mercury emissions. we also recognize that domestic supplies
The president might have redeemed his alone are inadequate to either achieve inde-
decision to withdraw the United States from pendence from imported oil or even effec-
Kyoto by offering his own plans to reduce U.S. tively insulate U.S. consumers from market
greenhouse gas emissions. Instead, he has factors, such as growing demand from China.7
stubbornly refused to embrace any plan for The environmental, energy, and strategic
controlling carbon, the biggest contributor to challenges posed to the United States by
climate change. This is especially lamentable China's growing appetite for energy vividly
because a well-crafted strategy to control illustrate why it is high time for the president
greenhouse gases would be the best possible and Congress to revise their go-it-alone
tool not only to combat global warming, but approach and instead come to terms with the
also to accelerate our independence from reality of our global energy and environmental
foreign oil. Tailpipe emissions from cars, interdependence. No country exists in a
trucks, and heavy industrial equipment remain vacuum. The consumption, output, and
a leading source of air pollution and account environmental refuse of one roaring national
for roughly one-third of U.S. carbon dioxide economy sends ripple effects throughout the
(CO 2) emissions. 5 Presently, however, no world. We must shape our national policies--
technologies exist to capture greenhouse and engage with the rest of the world to shape
gases such as CO2 from tailpipes. The only international policies--accordingly.
way to curb CO2 from vehicle exhaust is to
build vehicles that consume less carbon- Smoggy Skies, Changing
containing fuel. Climate
Yet, rather than encourage companies to
make and consumers to buy cars that can kick The thick pall of pollution over China's
our gasoline habit, or work with our interna- cities, reminiscent of scenes found in Charles
tional partners to formulate multilateral trea- Dickens novels, stems primarily from coal-
ties that take into account the environmental fired power plants and factories, though
WWW.PPIONLINE.ORG 3
emissions from auto exhaust also play an (GDP).10 In contrast, the cost of environmental
increasing role. Coal combustion releases a protection in the United States--a slightly
stew of pollutants into the air, including different measure--is estimated to be around
particles that cause respiratory problems and 2 percent of GDP. Indeed, Chinese planners
acid rain. In particular, two substances released worry that environmental degradation
from China's coal combustion--mercury and ultimately will serve as a source of social
CO2--are complicating efforts to combat instability.
these pollutants here in the United States. China's accelerating reliance on coal
China's environmental problems are carries other costs, too. Coal mining causes
posing an increasing challenge to us here in extremely high mortality rates among Chinese
America, primarily because China is ill- miners. More than 4,000 were killed in the
equipped to address them domestically. first nine months of 2004, making the nation's
Although it has tough environmental laws on mining industry the world's most dangerous.11
the books, to date Chinese institutions that And, although China increasingly is looking
administer environmental problems are to add emission-free energy sources such as
perceived by most observers as among the nuclear power and hydropower, the hazards
weakest.8 associated with coal combustion and coal
While Chinese environmental authorities mining only promise to get worse. Coal
are trying to encourage plants to install costly currently accounts for 65 percent of China's
pollution control technologies, they are so primary energy consumption.12 The country
understaffed, underfunded, and overwhelmed has more than 2,000 coal-fired power plants
by the rate of power plant construction that online and plans to add 562 more in the next
they are inclined to accept monetary fines eight years--which would give it nearly one-
from polluters in lieu of environmental com- half of the world's total.13
pliance. Even when authorities crack down on
polluters, as they Fish Full of Mercury
did when they
"China's environmental recently sus- The coal power that plants such as those
problems are posing an pended con- in China so heavily rely on emit mercury from
struction of 26 their smokestacks. The mercury eventually
increasing challenge to
new power settles from the air onto the ground and is
us here in America, plants for paper- washed into rivers, lakes, and streams, where
primarily because China work violations, fish accumulate it in their fat cells. People are
is ill-equipped to address their intent may exposed when they eat those fish. High levels
them domestically." not be to clean of mercury exposure, particularly in children,
up the air so can cause memory loss, attention deficit
much as to slow disorders, and even mental retardation.14
what many consider to be overheated eco- There is no definitive data to show exactly
nomic growth.9 how much mercury Chinese plants are
China's rapid industrialization not only emitting, but some analysts believe they are
harms its own environment, but also takes a the world's biggest source. Scientists already
considerable bite out of its growth. The estimate that more than one-third of the
World Bank estimates that environmental mercury in the United States originates from
degradation costs China between 8 percent other countries, such as China. So as the
and 12 percent of its Gross Domestic Product volume from China grows, it will pose an
4 PROGRESSIVE POLICY INSTITUTE
increasingly serious threat for the United China produces about 13 percent of the
States and the rest of the world. world's total CO2, making it the second largest
The scale of the mercury problem in the emitter after the United States, which
United States is already grave. For example, accounts for close to one-quarter of the
the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) world's total.15 On a per-capita basis, China's
recently warned that one- emissions are comp-
third of America's lakes and aratively low. In fact, in 2001
nearly one-quarter of its "Scientists already its per-capita emissions
rivers are so contaminated estimate that more were lower than the world
with mercury that women average, and 11 times lower
and children should avoid
than one-third of the than per-capita emissions in
eating fish from those mercury in the United the United States. 16 But
sources. To begin controlling States originates from those numbers are changing
the problem, the EPA other countries, such with China's growing
recently issued a rule to as China." economic output. By 2024,
combat domestic power Chinese emissions are
plant emissions of mercury. expected to account for
But that will do nothing to curtail mercury nearly 18 percent of the world's total.17
emissions from plants in places such as China, Unlike the United States, China is a
where they remain largely unregulated. In fact, signatory to the Kyoto Protocol. However, in
the Bush administration has been overtly the first phase of Kyoto's implementation,
hostile to serious international regulatory which runs through 2012, it is not subject to
efforts. The most recent example of that mandatory emissions caps. That provision--
hostility happened in February 2005, when the which exempts all developing nations from
European Union (EU) brought a treaty to mandatory caps in the first phase of
regulate mercury to the United Nations. The implementation on the grounds that imposing
measure was defeated in large part because strict caps too soon would unduly hamper
of resistance from the Bush administration, their growth--was one of the main U.S.
which instead advanced a system of voluntary objections to Kyoto. To help developing
partnerships. In the face of America's stiff countries meet their requirements, Kyoto
opposition to enforceable worldwide mercury contains a provision that allows companies in
controls, the United Nations had no other developed countries to meet their emissions
choice but to adopt the administration's less limits by investing in new, clean factories in
stringent approach. developing countries. In the view of many
American skeptics, such provisions would have
It Is Getting Hot in Here added up to an unfair competitive economic
advantage for developing nations over the
Whereas mercury poses immediate health United States.
risks to people, especially children, power Kyoto certainly has flaws. But by walking
plant emissions of CO2 released when coal is away from it without offering the world a
combusted are largely harmless at the ground better alternative--and then by failing to
level. However, most scientists agree that establish effective domestic greenhouse gas
those emissions are gradually altering weather regulations in the United States--the Bush
systems as they trap heat in the Earth's upper administration has only made matters worse.
atmosphere. For one thing, at recent meetings about
WWW.PPIONLINE.ORG 5
Kyoto's implementation in Buenos Aires, The Economic and
Chinese leaders said the Bush administration's
persistent refusal to accept binding CO2 limits
Strategic Effects of China's
"reduces the incentives for U.S. companies to Energy Needs
invest in the kind
of clean-energy In addition to complicating efforts to
"China's growing energy projects that combat mercury pollution and global warming,
China wants to China's growing energy demand is hitting U.S.
demand is hitting U.S.
attract."18 Such consumers squarely in the pocketbook. And,
consumers squarely in projects could by securing oil and natural gas contracts from
the pocketbook." help reduce countries like Iran, whose interests are not
China's future aligned with ours, China's ravenous energy
emissions, for the appetite is creating geopolitical challenges for
whole world's benefit. Additionally, with U.S. foreign policymakers.
America as a willful outlier and China excused
by Kyoto's initial grace period, neither of the Skyrocketing Oil Prices
world's two biggest sources of greenhouse
gases currently have any mandatory caps on In 2004, when crude oil prices started their
their emissions. march past the $50-a-barrel mark, oil analysts
As PPI noted in a recent report, if the initially attributed the steep increases
United States is serious about global climate primarily to Saudi decisions to constrain crude
change, it has a duty to contribute to the oil output, as well as to legitimate concerns
development of a superior successor to of unsettled political conditions in oil-
Kyoto.19 The EU currently is in the process of producing nations such as Iraq, Russia, and
considering new emissions reduction targets Saudi Arabia. What took oil analysts (and oil
for Kyoto's post-2012 compliance period markets) by greater surprise, however, were
(which runs from 2020 through 2050). Despite unexpected increases in demand, most notably
the Bush administration's recalcitrance, U.S. from China. In 2004, Chinese demand grew
climate change experts have also been by 850,000 barrels per day and was the largest
sketching out a post-2012 system.20 Most contributor to the surge in the world's
agree that an alternative should do a better consumption.
job than Kyoto of setting emission reduction Crude oil prices have nearly doubled in
goals and timetables. It also should focus on the past two years as the strong growth in
newly industrialized nations, on the grounds consumption has made it hard for the industry
that it is cheaper to start from scratch with to keep up. The Organization of Petroleum
cleaner factories and cars than it is to retrofit Exporting Countries (OPEC) lifted its output
and replace old ones. to a 25-year high last year in a bid to put as
Since the E.U. is still in the process of much oil on the market as possible and meet
considering post-2012 timetables, it is not too a surge in demand that few had anticipated.
late for the Bush administration to accelerate Yet, crude oil prices remained persistently
the completion of a climate change plan and high.
offer it to the international community to According to a recent report by PPI's Ron
demonstrate U.S. commitment to cooperate Minsk, oil price increases caused the typical
with our partners on global environmental American household to spend $360.25 more
threats. per year for gasoline during the past four years
6 PROGRESSIVE POLICY INSTITUTE
than during the previous four years.21 Soaring Growing Geopolitical Tensions
oil prices have also put a damper on U.S. stock
markets, which have sputtered this year. Although China was long self-sufficient in
World consumption is expected to grow meeting its oil needs, it is increasingly
1.7 percent in 2005, about one-half of last becoming one of the world's largest oil
year's 3.3 percent growth. But another importers, accounting for more than one-half
unexpected spike in demand from China, or of the growth in world oil demand in 2002
sudden cuts in global supplies, could send and 2003.26 That number is only expected to
prices even higher while production capacity, increase. The IEA expects China to import
pipelines, and refineries remain very tight, 82 percent of its oil by 2030.27 To satisfy its
according to the International Energy Agency growing energy appetite, the Chinese
(IEA), a Paris-based advisory group to 26 government and state-owned energy firms
industrialized countries.22 have started to scour the globe to secure
Some oil analysts have criticized the IEA more oil and natural gas supplies.
for failing to adequately anticipate the impact As reported in the Los Angeles Times,
on oil prices from the growing Asian demand, China's so-called "go out" strategy seeks to
particularly that of China.23 In response, the avoid an over-reliance on one or two major
agency's most recent report stated: "Most suppliers and instead diversify to obtain oil
forecasters, the IEA included, expect oil from a number of sources. The plan calls for
demand growth to slow in 2005 from the developing oil exploration plans with 27
torrid pace of 2004. But what happens if it other countries. 28 Among them are
doesn't? Given that last year's demand growth Kazakhstan, Venezuela, Sudan, Iraq, Iran, Peru,
came as a complete surprise to market and Azerbaijan. As the U.S. Department of
participants, how can one dismiss concerns Energy points out, however, "despite efforts
that demand growth might once again be to diversify its sources of supply, roughly one-
underestimated?"24 half of China's imported oil comes from the
In response to the IEA's report, some Middle East, with Saudi Arabia alone
analysts say the agency is still underestimating accounting for 17 percent in 2003."29
how much more oil China will consume this Unlike their
year. The agency said it expected demand Western rivals,
there to grow by 360,000 barrels per day in Chinese energy "The case of China
2005, to 6.73 million barrels per day. In an firms reportedly vividly illustrates that
interview published in the Indian Express, are far less the Bush administration
Barclays Capital oil analyst Kevin Norrish is reluctant to
and Congress must
quoted as saying, "[The IEA] massively negotiate deals
underestimated growth for China last year and with regimes wake up to the reality
are underestimating growth again this year. deemed by the of global environmental
The fact is the Chinese economy is strong and United States to and energy
growing."25 be politically interdependence."
While a number of factors clearly unstable or
contribute to high oil prices, including objectionable.30
unsettled political conditions in oil-producing As a result, China's growing energy
nations such as Iraq, Russia, and Saudi Arabia, dependence promises to generate
we ignore the effect of persistent and growing geopolitical headaches for U.S. foreign
Chinese demand to our peril. policymakers.31 Consider:
WWW.PPIONLINE.ORG 7
! China, which holds a U.N. Security Council ing Mr. Bush." Although Venezuela has re-
veto, has been working to forge alliances peatedly insisted it does not intend to
with Tehran to secure oil and natural gas cease oil sales to the United States, Chavez
supplies. In November 2004, China said it is clearly looking to diversify Venezuela's
did not want the Bush administration to oil markets and reduce its dependency on
press the council to debate Iran's nuclear the American market.
program. One month prior to that move,
it signed a preliminary accord with Iran ! China is also working to secure energy
worth $70 billion to $100 billion, under supplies from Syria, Angola, and Sudan at
which China will purchase Iranian oil and a time when geopolitical tensions
gas and help develop Iran's Yadavaran oil between these countries and the United
field near the Iraqi border. Earlier this year, States are heightened by the threat of
China also agreed to buy $20 billion in jihadist terrorism, and concerns about civil
liquefied natural gas from Iran over 25 wars and genocide. Beijing, for example,
years.32 has resisted calls for the United Nations
to intervene more vigorously to stop the
! Venezuela supplies up to 15 percent of U.S. slaughter of civilians in Sudan's Darfur
oil imports. Those purchases account for region--which former U.S. Secretary of
approximately 60 percent of Venezuela's State Colin Powell has labeled as
oil output. But Venezuelan President Hugo genocide.
Chavez has emerged as an ardent anti-
American. As acrimony between Chavez As these examples show, while China's
and the United "go out" strategy may be a prudent way for it
States continues to promote a more stable supply of oil for
"Rather than stand alone, to mount, the the Chinese economy, its policy ultimately may
we must reengage with Chavez regime exacerbate a number of potential sources of
our international increasingly is geopolitical instability.
looking to hedge
partners to confront
its bets by strik- Conclusion
challenges like global ing oil deals with
warming and mercury China. It signed Although debates about China to date
emissions, which China's such an agree- largely have revolved around the issue of what
explosive growth only ment last De- rapid economic growth there means for U.S.
promises to worsen." cember. Although jobs, it is time for U.S. policymakers to also
China does not consider the environmental and economic
currently have costs of China's mounting energy needs. To
the refining capacity to deal with date, energy and environmental policy debates
Venezuela's high-sulfur oil, the agreement in the United States have primarily focused
has sparked concern in U.S. foreign policy on dubious proposals to make us less
circles about the potential for Venezuela dependent on imported oil by increasing
to either cease or significantly decrease domestic drilling. But a U.S. energy policy
its oil sales to America. Such concerns predicated on drilling in ANWR--which will
were further fueled in February when meet only a small percentage of our needs--
President Chavez publicly stated his dis- is all the more laughable in the face of China's
pleasure that Venezuelan oil is "subsidiz- looming oil demand.
8 PROGRESSIVE POLICY INSTITUTE
As PPI has noted in previous reports, we reengage with our partners to stem CO2 and
support a principled approach to drilling for other greenhouse gas emissions globally.36
oil on public lands here at home.33 But we Rather than focus on narrowly framed, drill-
also recognize that America simply lacks the first domestic strategies, which will prove
necessary reserves to meet its current demand woefully inadequate to secure U.S.
for oil. 34 A prudent energy policy must independence from imported oil, the case of
therefore also attempt to reduce oil demand. China vividly illustrates that the Bush
To do that, PPI has embraced a number of administration and Congress must wake up to
short- and long-term solutions, including the the reality of global environmental and energy
greater use of oil substitutes such as ethanol interdependence. One country's prodigious
and bio-diesel, hybrid vehicles that use less energy consumption sends ripple effects around
gasoline, and development of hydrogen fuel the world. Rather than stand alone, we must
cells.35 Also, PPI believes that one of the fastest reengage with our international partners to
and most efficient ways to reduce demand for confront challenges like global warming and
oil is to create mandatory limits on tailpipe mercury emissions, which China's explosive
emissions of CO2 in the United States, and to growth only promises to worsen.
WWW.PPIONLINE.ORG 9
Endnotes
1
"China: Environmental Issues," United States Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, July
2003, http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cabs/chinaenv.html.
2
Fialka, John J., Matt Pottinger, and Steve Stecklow, with contributions from Cui Rong, "A Hidden Cost of China's
Growth: Mercury Migration," The Wall Street Journal, December 17, 2004, p. A1-A-8, http://www.wsj.com.
3
"China Country Analysis Briefs 2004," United States Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration,
2004, http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cabs/china.html.
4
Minsk, Ronald E., "Don't Drain America First," unpublished memo on file with author, March, 2005.
5
Green, David L. and Andreas Schafer, "Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions from U.S. Transportation," Pew
Center on Global Climate Change, May 2003, http://www.pewclimate.org/global-warming-in-depth/all_reports/
reduce_ghg_from_transportation/index.cfm.
6
Hayes, David J., "Domestic Oil and Gas Production: Pursuing a Principled Approach," Progressive Policy
Institute, June, 2002, http://www.ppionline.org.
7
Ibid.
8
Turner, Jennifer L., "Small Government, Big and Green Society: Emerging Partnerships to Solve China's
Environmental Problems," Harvard Asia Quarterly, Spring 2004, http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~asiactr/haq/200402/
0402a001.htm.
9
Ball, Jeffrey, "China Talks Up `Green' Agenda on Energy Policy," The Wall Street Journal, December 16, 2004, p. A-
14, http://www.wsj.com.
10
"Clear Water, Blue Skies: China's Environment in the New Century," China 2020 Report, World Bank, 1997,
http://www.worldbank.org.
11
Cody, Edward, "Blast Traps Scores in Chinese Mine," Washington Post, November 29, 2004, http://
www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A17356-2004Nov28.html.
12
"China Country Analysis Briefs 2004," op. cit.
13
Fialka, John J., Matt Pottinger, and Steve Stecklow with contributions from Cui Rong, op. cit., Clayton, Mark,
"New Coal Plants Bury Kyoto," The Christian Science Monitor, December 23, 2004, http://www.csmonitor.com/
2004/1223/p01s04-sten.html.
14
"What You Need to Know about Mercury in Fish and Shellfish; 2004 EPA and FDA Advice for: Women Who
Might Become Pregnant; Women Who are Pregnant; Nursing Mothers; Young Children," U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, http://www.epa.gov/ost/fishadvice/advice.html.
15
"International Energy Outlook 2004," Energy Information Administration, U.S. Department of Energy, http://
www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/ieo/pdf/appa1_a8.pdf.
16
Ibid.
17
"China: Environmental Issues," op. cit.
18
Ball, Jeffrey, op. cit.
19
Mazurek, Jan and Tom Mirga, "Four Ideas for the Next Four Years: A Blueprint for Environmental Stewardship,"
Progressive Policy Institute, December 2004, http://www.ppionline.org.
20
"New Approaches on Energy and the Environment: Policy Advice for the President," Resources for the
Future, November, 2004, http://www.rff.org; "Beyond Kyoto: Advancing the International Effort Against Climate
Change," Pew Center on Global Climate Change, December 2003, http://www.pewclimate.org/global-warming-in-
depth/all_reports/beyond_kyoto/index.cfm; Stavins, Robert N. "Can an Effective Global Climate Treaty Be Based on
Sound Science, Rational Economics, and Pragmatic Politics?" Resources for the Future, May 2004, http://rff.org.
21
Minsk, Ronald E.,"The High Price of Oil Addiction," Progressive Policy Institute, May 2004, http://www.ppionline.org.
22
"Monthly Oil Market Report," International Energy Agency, January 2005, http://www.oilmarketreport.org.
23
Mouawad, Jad, "Oil Prices May Surge Again in '05 Energy Agency Warns," Indian Express, January 20, 2005,
http://www.indianexpress.com/full_story.php?content_id=63048.
24
Ibid.
25
Ibid.
26
Barta, Patrick, Bhushan Bahree, Andrew Browne, and John Larkin, with contributions from Martin Fackler,
"Asian Rivals Put Pressure on Western Energy Giants," The Wall Street Journal, January 5 2005, p. A-1, http://
www.wsj.com.
10 PROGRESSIVE POLICY INSTITUTE
27
"IEA Collaboration with India and China on Oil Security; Oil Supply Disruption Management Issues," IEA/
ASEAN/ASCOPE Workshop on Cambodia, International Energy Administration, April 6, 2004, http://www.iea.org/
dbtw-wpd/Textbase/work/2004/cambodia/bj_session3.2-Ehara%20presentation.pdf.
28
Lee, Don, "China Barrels Ahead in Oil Market," The Los Angeles Times, November 14, 2004, http://www.latimes.com.
29
"China Country Analysis Briefs 2004," op. cit.
30
Barta, Patrick, op. cit.
31
Ibid.
32
Wright, Robin, "Iran's New Alliance With China Could Cost U.S. Leverage," The Washington Post, November 17,
2004, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A55414-2004Nov16.html.
33
Hayes, David J., "Domestic Oil and Gas Production: Pursuing a Principled Approach," Progressive Policy
Institute, June, 2002, www.ppionline.org.
34
Minsk, Ronald E., op. cit.
35
Mazurek, Jan and Tom Mirga, op. cit.
36
Ibid.
WWW.PPIONLINE.ORG 11