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The Professional Animal Scientist Information for Contributors The…
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The Professional Animal Scientist
Information for Contributors
The Purpose of ARPAS and the Journal
The purpose of the American Registry of Professional Animal Scientists (ARPAS) is to provide
certification of professional status for qualified members of the society, to strengthen animal sciences
among the professions, and to promote animal sciences and the profession of animal scientists.
Continual education is required of all certified professionals to keep abreast of rapidly changing
technology in their fields. The official publication of ARPAS, The Professional Animal Scientist (PAS),
serves as a vehicle for publishing manuscripts on applied technology, reviews on contemporary
issues, case studies, and technical notes.
Who May Publish
At least one author of each manuscript must be a member of ARPAS, American Society of Animal
Science, Equine Science Society, Poultry Science Association, American Dairy Science Association, or
American Meat Science Association, or the paper must be sponsored by a member of the Registry and
have the approval of the Governing Council.
What May Be Published
Manuscripts may be submitted as technical reviews, original research, case studies, commentaries,
or procedures on important topics that are ready or nearly ready for application. The papers must be
based on adequately replicated experiments that relate to applied problems in the animal sciences,
including dairy, poultry, meat animals, horses, and other species. Data upon which papers are
based may be from original unpublished research, case studies, field trials, scientific literature, or a
combination thereof. Data gleaned from the literature are acceptable only if pooled for the purposes
of analyzing, summarizing, and interpreting. The original author and publisher must approve any
exceptions to this rule.
Reviews and General Policies
Manuscripts will be subject to critical review by the Editorial Board or others designated by the
editor-in-chief. Manuscripts will be returned to the authors for needed revision. Papers not suitable
for publication will be returned to the author with an explanation of reasons for unacceptability.
Papers should be reviewed and approved internally prior to submission. Note: PAS papers are
considered refereed publications.
Care and Use of Animals
Authors must make it clear that experiments were conducted in a manner that avoided
unnecessary discomfort to the animals by use of proper management and laboratory techniques.
Experiments shall be conducted in accordance with the principles and specific guidelines presented
in Guidelines for the Care and Use of Agricultural Animals in Agricultural Research and Teaching, First
Revised Edition (Federation of Animal Science Societies, 1111 North Dunlap Avenue, Savoy, IL
61874); and, if applicable, Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals (United States Department
of Human Health and Services, National Institutes of Health, Publication Number 85-23, 1985).
Methods of euthanizing experimental animals must be described in the text. In describing surgical
procedures, the type and dosage of the anesthetic agent must be specified. The PAS Editor-in-Chief
may refuse to publish manuscripts that are not compatible with these guides. If rejected solely on
that basis, however, the manuscript may be resubmitted for reconsideration when accompanied by
a written verification that a committee on animal care in research has approved the experimental
design and procedures involved.
2 Information for Contributors
Page Charges
There will be a charge of US $105 per journal page or fraction thereof for publication, payable
when author proofs are returned to the Association Headquarters. Article offprints can be ordered
when proofs are returned to Headquarters. The pricing schedule is on the page charge form. There are
no gratis offprints. The Governing Council may waive the page charges on papers sponsored by the
Council.
GENERAL STYLE AND FORM
The format of The Professional Animal Scientist will be 8.5- by 11-inch pages. Manuscripts must
be typed, with lines and pages numbered consecutively, using Times New Roman font at 12 points.
All special characters should be inserted using the symbol palette available in this font. Tables and
figures should be placed in separate sections at the end of the manuscript (not placed in text). Tables
should be kept to a minimum and should not include irrelevant or superfluous data. Tables must
include sufficient information to allow the reader to understand the implications of the tabular data.
The use of first person should be minimized. The text and all supporting materials must use
American spelling and usage as given in The American Heritage Dictionary, Webster's Third International
Dictionary, or the Oxford American English Dictionary. Authors should follow the style and form
recommended in Scientific Style and Format, The CSE Manual for Authors, Editors, and Publishers,
Seventh Edition (Council of Science Editors, 12100 Sunset Hills Road, Suite 130, Reston, VA 20190).
Title Page
Each manuscript shall begin with a title page containing only the following information. Authors
must provide a running head (short title) of not more than 55 letters. The running head is flush
left, in italics, and shall appear on the top of the title page. No abbreviations are to be used. The
title of the paper must be in boldface with the first letter of each important word capitalized. The
title must contain no abbreviations, and numbers must be given in words rather than in numerals
(e.g., One-Week-Old Calves). Names of authors shall be in mixed case with a space between initials.
Affiliations shall provide the author's departments and institutions, state, and zip code. Do not
give authors' titles, positions, or degrees. The title page shall include all contact information of the
corresponding author: name, full address, telephone, fax number, and e-mail address. Footnotes may
be used to provide supplementary information such as present addresses, acknowledgment of grants,
and experiment station or journal series numbers.
Abstract and Key Words
The abstract should not exceed 250 words and should include explicit conclusions. Do not use
footnotes. The abstract shall be followed by up to 5 key words or phrases. These should include
important words from the title and the running head.
Introduction
The introduction (approximately 250 to 350 words) should inform the reader of the background
necessary for understanding the significance of the information presented in the paper. Previous
work on the topic should be summarized, and the objective of the current research must be clearly
stated.
Materials and Methods
All sources of products, equipment, and chemicals used in the experiments must be specified
in parentheses. Trade names are to include trademark symbols, models, and names and addresses
of the manufacturers. Animal care guidelines should be referenced if appropriate. A discussion
of the statistical analysis methods with sufficient detail must be included so that others could
repeat the analysis. Specify the factors tested in the analysis or the statistical model employed.
In model statements, upper case letters should be used for fixed effects and lower case letters for
random effects. Nonsignificant differences (P > 0.05 and < 0.10) may be discussed using such terms
as "numerical differences," "trends," etc. Nonsignificant probability levels can be presented and
Information for Contributors 3
discussed if properly qualified so that the reader is not misled; it is desirable to give the probability
level if not P < 0.05 or P < 0.01. The authors must provide the appropriate citation in the text for all
statistical methods used.
Results and Discussion
The paper should contain a combined Results and Discussion section (not separate Results and
Discussion sections), which presents the results in brief and points out the significant conclusions to
be drawn from the data and particularly the application to the industry.
Implications
This section is required and should summarize the additional information in one paragraph
(maximum of 150 words). The purpose of this section is to enhance application of results; highlight
variables that may interact; add emphasis to biological, economic, or societal values of the researched
or reviewed alternatives; and possibly suggest additional research.
Acknowledgments
An Acknowledgments section, if included, follows the Implications section. Acknowledgments of
individuals must include affiliations but not titles, such as Dr., Mr., or Ms.
Literature Cited
Citations must refer to authors of the references by last names and year published. Literature
cited shall not be numbered either in the Literature Cited section or in the body of the manuscript.
When 2 or more citations are included in a grouping within a sentence, the citations within
the grouping are arranged in chronological order. Multiple citations for a given year are further
arranged alphabetically. When a citation has more than 2 authors, cite the reference throughout
the text with "et al." following the last name of the first author. When the same authors have 2
references with different dates, cite them together in the text (e.g., Brown et al., 1998, 2002). If 2
papers abbreviate identically in the text, place a letter after the date in the text and in the citation
in Literature Cited. Letters should not be included unless the text citations are identical. Lettered
references should be listed in strict alphabetical order based on authors' last names; if all names are
identical, the titles of the articles dictate alphabetical order. Work that has not been published shall
be listed in the text as "J. E. Jones (1981, Institution, address, city, state, personal communication)."
The author's own unpublished work should be listed in the text as "(J. E. Jones, unpublished data)."
Personal communications and unpublished data are not included in the Literature Cited section.
In the Literature Cited section, list the references by authors in alphabetical order. Journals shall be
abbreviated according to the conventional abbreviations given in Serial Sources for the BIOSIS Data
Base (BioSciences Information Service, 2100 Arch St., Philadelphia, PA). Examples follow:
Chester-Jones, H., D. Ziegler, R. Larson, B. Ziegler, and J. Linn. 2006. Performance of Holstein dairy
heifers full vs. limit fed whole-shelled corn and protein pellet diets differing in fiber levels. J. Dairy
Sci. 89(Suppl. 1):366. (Abstr.)
Cranston, J. J., J. D. Rivera, M. L. Galyean, M. M. Brashears, J. C. Brooks, C. E. Markham, L. J.
McBeth, and C. R. Krehbiel. 2006. Effects of feeding whole cottonseed and cottonseed products on
performance and carcass characteristics of finishing beef cattle. J. Anim. Sci. 84:2186.
Lawrence, J. D. 2004. ISU Economics Dept. Chartbook, Hog prices monthly average and seasonality
index. http:// www.econ.iastate.edu/outreach/agriculture/periodicals/chartbook/chartbook2/Hogs.
html Accessed June 13, 2005.
NRC. 2001. Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle. 7th rev. ed. Natl. Acad. Press, Washington, DC.
Saylor, W. W., J. T. Sims, G. W. Malone, and M. F. Lavahun. 2001. Use of phytase and high-available
phosphorus corn in broiler diets: Impact on litter phosphorus levels and solubility. p. 43 in Proc.
2001 Maryland Nutr. Conf., Univ. Maryland, College Park.
Van Soest, P. J. 1994. Nutritional Ecology of the Ruminant. 2nd ed. Comstock Publ., Ithaca, NY.
Headings
Major headings are centered, boldface, all uppercase, and consist of ABSTRACT, INTRODUCTION,
MATERIALS AND METHODS, RESULTS AND DISCUSSION, IMPLICATIONS, ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
(optional), and LITERATURE CITED.
4 Information for Contributors
Subheadings
First subheadings are placed on a separate line, begin at the left margin, the first letter of each
important word is capitalized, and the headings are boldface and italic. Second subheadings begin
the first line of a paragraph. They are indented, boldface, italic, and followed by a period.
Tables
Tables must be created using the MS Word table feature and inserted in the manuscript after
the Literature Cited section. Each table must be presented on a separate page. The table title shall
begin with "Table 1." followed by the title of the table. Only the first letter of the first word in the
table title shall be capitalized. The title shall be in boldface font and not followed by a period. Units
of measure for each variable measured must be indicated. Horizontal and vertical lines to separate
sections within the body of the table are not permitted. A horizontal line is used to separate the
column titles from the body of the table or to include several columns under a single heading.
Each table must stand alone. Therefore, abbreviations not found in the Information for
Contributors must be defined in each table. Abbreviations must match those used in text. Footnotes
to tables shall be superscript numbers; superscript letters shall be used to indicate means
separations. Consult a recent issue of The Professional Animal Scientist for examples of tables.
All tables must present original material. If an author wishes to present data already published in
tabular form, the author must obtain copyright permission to reproduce the table, even when the
format of the table submitted with the manuscript is different than the table already published.
Figures
Refer to http://www.fass.org/authinst.htm for suggestions on preparing figures. All illustrations
must be cited in the text in numerical order.
Figure captions must include the figure title and legend and be placed on a page separate from
the figure. The format is "Figure 1." followed by the title and text of the caption. Abbreviations
must be identical to those used in the text and be defined in each caption. Generally, material
already included in tables should not be repeated in the figure. Each figure should be independently
comprehensible without reference to text.
Computer-generated figures are acceptable if they meet journal specifications for line width,
symbols, and layout. See the above Web site for further instruction. Figures must be uniform in scale
and in line density. On line graphs, symbols must not contain other symbols within them (e.g., a
circle within a triangle) to indicate data points, because those symbols will fill in after reduction.
Symbols should be defined in the caption; when the symbol designation is a part of the figure, it
shall appear within the axes but outside the data field. Small dot or line patterns or gray shading will
not reproduce evenly and must not be used. The numeral 0 must precede decimals.
If an author desires to reprint a figure already published elsewhere, he must first obtain copyright
permission to use the figure and is responsible for forwarding the permissions letter to the editorial
office.
MISCELLANEOUS USAGE NOTES
Abbreviations
Abbreviations shall not be used in the title, section headings, key words, or at the beginning of
sentences. The suitability of abbreviations is evaluated by the reviewers, editor-in-chief, and technical
editor. When standard abbreviations or conventions for abbreviations exist in the discipline, these
should be followed. Terms used only twice must not be abbreviated. All author-coined abbreviations
are to be defined the first time they are mentioned with the abbreviation following in capital letters,
boldface, and in parentheses. Such abbreviations shall be used consistently thereafter. The units
of the manuscript--abstract, text, each table, and each figure--read independently of each other;
therefore, abbreviations shall be defined within each unit of the manuscript.
The abbreviations in Table 1 may be used without definition in The Professional Animal Scientist.
Plural abbreviations do not require an ending "s." Chemical symbols and 3-letter abbreviations for
amino acids do not need definition. Units of measure should be abbreviated as listed in the CRC
Handbook for Chemistry and Physics (CRC Press, 2000 Corporate Blvd., Boca Raton, FL 33431) and do
not need to be defined.
Information for Contributors 5
Table 1. Abbreviations to be used without prior definition in The Professional Animal Scientist
ACTH adrenocorticotropic hormone FCM fat-corrected milk PAGE polyacrylamide gel
ADF acid detergent fiber FFA free fatty acid electrophoresis
ADFI average daily feed intake FSH follicle-stimulating hormone PBS phosphate-buffered saline
ADG average daily gain g gram PCR polymerase chain reaction
ADIN acid detergent insoluble g gravity pfu plaque-forming units
nitrogen GE gross energy ppm parts per million
ADL acid detergent lignin G:F gain-to-feed ratio Publ. Publication
ADP adenosine diphosphate GLC gas-liquid chromatography PUFA polyunsaturated fatty acid
AI artificial insemination GLM general linear model QG quality grade
AIA acid insoluble ash h hour r correlations coefficient
ANOVA analysis of variance HEPES N-(2 hydroxyethyl)piperazine- R2 coefficient of multiple
AOAC Association of Official Analytical N-2-ethanesulfonic acid determination
Chemists HPLC high-performance RDP rumen-degradable protein
ARS Agricultural Research Service (high pressure) liquid Rep. Report
Assoc. Association chromatography RIA radioimmunoassay
ATP adenosine triphosphate i.d. inside diameter RNA ribonucleic acid
avg average (use only in tables, not Ig immunoglobin rpm revolutions per minute
in the text) IGF insulin-like growth hormone RUP rumen-undegradable protein
B cell bursal-derived, bursal-equivalent i.m. intramuscular s second
derived cell Inst. institute s.c. subcutaneous
BCS body condition score i.p. intraperitoneal SCC somatic cell count
BHBA -hydroxybutyrate IU international unit SD standard deviation
BLUP best linear unbiased prediction i.v. intravenous SDS sodium dodecyl sulfate
bp base pair IVDMD in vitro dry matter SE standard error
BSA bovine serum albumin disappearance SEM standard error of the mean
Bull. Bulletin kb kilobase pair(s) SRBC sheep red blood cells
BUN blood urea nitrogen kDa kilodalton St. Station
BW body weight KPH kidney, pelvic, heart fat Suppl. supplement
C cytosine L liter Symp. symposium
cal calorie LD50 50% lethal dose TBA thiobarbituric acid
cDNA complementary DNA LM longissimus muscle T cell thymic-derived cell
cfu colony-forming units m meter TDF total dietary fiber
Circ. Circular µ micro TDN total digestible nutrients
CoA coenzyme A M molar Tech. technical
Coll. College ME metabolizable energy TLC thin layer chromatography
Conf. conference MHC major histocompatibility TME true metabolizable energy
Congr. Congress complex TMEn nitrogen-corrected true
CP crude protein Misc. miscellaneous metabolizable energy
cpm counts per minute Mongr. Monograph TMR total mixed ration
CV coefficient of variation mRNA messenger ribonucleic acid Tris tris(hydrozymethyl)
DCAD dietary cation-anion difference min minute aminomethane
DE digestible energy mo month TSAA total sulfur amino acids
DEAE (dimethylamino)ethyl MS mean square U uridine
df degree(s) of freedom N normal Univ. University
DHI Dairy Herd Improvement n number of observations USDA United States Department of
DIM days in milk Natl. national Agriculture
DM dry matter NDF neutral detergent fiber UV ultraviolet
DMI dry matter intake NE net energy VFA volatile fatty acid
DNA deoxyribonucleic acid NEg net energy for gain vol volume
DP dressing percentage NEl net energy for lactation vol/vol volume to volume
Ed. Edition, Editor(s) NEm net energy for maintenance wk week
EDTA ethylenediaminetetraacetate No. number (use only in tables, not wt weight (use only in tables)
EFA essential fatty acid in the text) wt/vol weight to volume
ELISA enzyme-linked immunosorbent NPN nonprotein nitrogen wt/wt weight to weight
antibody assay NRC National Research Council X mean
EPD expected progeny difference NS not significant YG yield grade
Exp. experiment o.d. outside diameter yr year
Ext. Extension OM organic matter
6 Information for Contributors
Measures and Mathematics
Numbers less than zero shall be written with a preceding zero (e.g., 0.75). All cardinal numbers
are written as numerals except when they begin a sentence or appear in a title; when 2 numerals are
adjacent in a sentence (spell out the number most easily expressed in words; e.g., two 10-kg samples);
or when a number is used as a figure of speech. Measures must be in the metric system; however, US
equivalents may be given in parentheses. Units of measure not preceded by numbers must be written
out rather than abbreviated (e.g., lysine content was measured in milligrams per kilogram of diet).
Abbreviations of measures of variation presented must be spelled out in the abstract and body of
the paper at first use. Units of measure for feed conversion or feed efficiency shall be provided. Use
the slash only when it means "per" with numbered units of measure or "divided by" in equations.
Use only one slant line in a given expression (e.g., g/d per chick). The slant line may not be used
to indicate ratios, mixtures, or substitute for the words "and" or "or." Insert spaces around all signs
(except slant lines) of operation (equal, minus, plus, times, greater than, or less than) when these
signs occur between 2 items, including statements of probability (P < 0.05). The exception to this
is in statements of probability (P < 0.05). Use "to" instead of a hyphen to indicate range. Items in a
series should be separated by commas (e.g., a, b, or c).
Miscellaneous
Footnote superscripts (numbers or letters) should follow end punctuation (e.g., Jones,1 or end of
sentence.2).
Restrict the use of "while" and "since" to meanings related to time. Appropriate substitutes include
"and," "but," or "whereas" for "while," and "because" or "although" for "since."
ELECTRONIC MANUSCRIPTS
The journal has moved to an electronic submission and peer-review system (Manuscript Central)
to facilitate author and journal processes. Please submit online (http://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/
pas).
Author Proofs
Author proofs of all manuscripts will be sent to the corresponding author indicated on the title
page of the manuscript. Corrections to the proof should be made neatly and clearly in the margins
of the proof. If extensive editing is required, it should be provided on a separate sheet of paper with
a symbol indicating its location on the proof. The revised manuscript and figures must be returned
with the corrected author proofs within 48 hours. The use of priority mail is encouraged. Failure to
return proofs within 48 hours may delay publication.
Copyright Agreement
All authors must complete the Copyright Release Form before publication can proceed. Persons
unable to sign copyright agreements, such as federal employees, must indicate the reason for
exemption on the form. The ARPAS grants to the author the right of republication in any book
of which he or she is the author or editor, subject to giving proper credit to the original journal
publication of the article by ARPAS.
Technical Reviews
Review manuscripts are intended to integrate information and provide final recommendations on
the use and (or) application of research-based information on animal agriculture subjects. As such,
ARPAS members are encouraged to submit articles that, through review of research, provide technical
application to those involved in animal agriculture. Technical reviews must follow the General Style
and Form guidelines and include the following sections. Title Page-Follow the same rules as general
manuscripts. Abstract-Follow the same rules as general manuscripts. Introduction-Emphasis should
be placed on the reason(s) a review on this subject is needed and to whom it would be beneficial.
Review and Discussion-The body should apply the results from various refereed research to the
purpose of the review. This section should include a discussion, evaluation, and integration of the
available information. Implications-Emphasis should include recommendations on practices and
(or) applications based on evidence from research-based information directed at the review's intended
audience, e.g., producers, technical service professionals, research directions, etc. Manuscripts must
Information for Contributors 7
also provide details on any methods (e.g., statistics) that were used to compare data from different
sources, etc. Properly cite all previously published material. These manuscripts will be subject to the
same review process as other manuscripts. Articles should follow The Professional Animal Scientist
format. Members of ARPAS who have interest in submitting Technical Reviews should contact
the Technical Reviews Editor, David W. Freeman, Department of Animal Science, Oklahoma State
University, 201 Animal Science Bldg., Stillwater, OK 74078; phone: 405-744-6060; fax: 405-744-7390,
or e-mail: freedav@okway.okstate.edu, or the Editor-in-Chief.
Case Studies and Technical Notes
These types of article will consist of unique applications in any area of animal agriculture or a
related discipline. These manuscripts should have literature citations, although they are usually
more limited and generally more recent than technical reviews or original research manuscripts.
The topic of the case study can be biological or economic, or it may deal with public or producer
attitudes and perceptions. These manuscripts will be subject to the same review process as other
types of manuscripts. Follow the General Style and Form guidelines and include all standard
sections (Abstract, Introduction, Materials and Methods, Results and Discussion, and Implications).
The Implications section should emphasize additional application of principles to solve the given
problem and suggest further research that should alleviate this or similar problems. The case study
manuscript should be submitted to the Editor-in-Chief.
Other Publishable Items
Letters to the Editor, policy, statements, or book reviews from ARPAS members or PAS subscribers
will be published in a special section. Letters may offer comments or questions about articles
previously published in PAS, technical questions requesting a scientist's response, or educational
notes about new or innovative approaches in teaching, extension, or industry programs.
Manuscript Submission
Manuscripts should be submitted to our online submission and peer-review site (http://
mc.manuscriptcentral.com/pas). Assistance for using that system can be obtained by contacting
Jeremy Holzner (jeremyh@assochq.org). Other questions concerning manuscripts can be directed to
the editorial office (journals@assochq.org).
Correspondence concerning subscriptions to PAS should be addressed to the Business Manager,
ARPAS, 1111 North Dunlap Avenue, Savoy, IL 61874; phone: 217-356-3182; fax: 217-398-4119;
e-mail: arpas@assochq.org.