Information about http://womeninscience.nih.gov/pdf/SelectedBibliography.pdf

This bibliography is a sample of the many references on gender bias…

Tags: academic medicine, ann intern med, biomedical science, dual career couple, faculty levels, gender bias, junior faculty, minority groups, minority research, national institutes of health, nih research training, phase 3, professional achievement, program evaluation, record id, recruitment retention, reentry, research article, research careers, washington post,
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Language: english
Created: Thu Jun 7 09:36:54 2007

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This bibliography is a sample of the many references on gender bias and
women's recruitment, retention, reentry, and advancement in
research careers. Inclusion on this list does not imply endorsement
by the National Institutes of Health.
June 8, 2007

Ash, A.S., Carr, P.L., Goldstein, R., & Friedman, R.H. (2004). Compensation and Advancement of
Women in Academic Medicine: Is There Equity? Ann Intern Med, 141(3), 205-212. Retrieved
May 15, 2007, from http://www.annals.org/cgi/content/abstract/141/3/205.

This research article examines the equity in professional achievement of men and
women, while discussing the lack of advancement and appropriate compensation for
women in academic medicine.

Assessment of NIH Minority Research Training Programs: Phase 3. (2005). Natl Academy Pr.
Retrieved from http://www.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id=11329.

This report provides an assessment of NIH s programs for increasing the participation in
biomedical science of individuals from underrepresented minority groups. The report
examines, using available data and the results of a survey of NIH trainees, the
characteristics and outcomes of programs at the undergraduate, graduate, postdoctoral,
and junior faculty levels. The report provides recommendations for improving these
programs and their administration. It also recommends how NIH can improve the data it
collects on trainees in all NIH research training programs so as to enhance training
program evaluation.

Atwood, H. (2007). Catalyst: Going Overseas to Solve Our Two-Body Problem. Retrieved May 14,
2007, from http://chronicle.com/jobs/news/2007/04/2007040601c/careers.html.

One of the X-gals discusses the challenges of being part of a Dual Career Couple.

Barr, S. (2007). Help Unknown to Many Parents. The Washington Post, D04. Retrieved May 14, 2007,
from http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-
dyn/content/article/2007/04/11/AR2007041102137.html.

This news article discusses a GAO memo sent to the House and Senate appropriations
committee about the lack of knowledge of child care policies in place at federal
agencies.

Barres, B.A. (2006). Does gender matter? Nature, 442(7099), 133-136. Retrieved May 10, 2007, from
http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/442133a.

This article discusses reasons why sex imbalances in science should not be attributed
to innate differences in ability.

1
Belkin, L. (2007). After Baby, Boss Comes Calling. The New York Times. Retrieved May 18, 2007,
from http://www.nytimes.com/2007/05/17/fashion/17work.html.

This news article discusses the "opt in" programs that increasingly being offered at
many companies to retain women in the workforce. The article discusses several
references of interest: The book "Off-Ramps and On-Ramps: Keeping Talented Women
on the Road to Success" by Sylvia Ann Hewlett, HROptIn (HROptin.com), Mom Corps
(momcorps.com), and Flextime Lawyers (flextimelawyers.com)

Bennet, G. (2006). Catalyst: Balance It Out. Chronicle of Higher Education Careers. Retrieved May 14,
2007, from http://chronicle.com/jobs/news/2006/11/2006110301c/careers.html.

One of the "X-gals" talks about work/life balance.

Bhattacharjee, Y. (2007). GENDER EQUITY: U.S. Agencies Quiz Universities on the Status of Women
in Science. Science, 315(5820), 1776. Retrieved May 11, 2007, from
http://www.sciencemag.org.

This news article discusses action by DOE, NSF, and NASA in visiting schools to
monitor their compliance with anti-discrimination laws in science and engineering.

Bhattarcharjee, Y. (2007). GENDER EQUITY: Women Are Scarce in New NAS Class. Science,
316(5826), 817a. Retrieved May 15, 2007, from http://www.sciencemag.org.

This news article discusses the low number of women (12%) elected this year to the
U.S. National Academy of Science.

Bickel, J., Wara, D., Atkinson, B.F., Cohen, L.S., Dunn, M., Hostler, S., et al. (2002). Increasing
women's leadership in academic medicine: report of the AAMC Project Implementation
Committee. Academic medicine : journal of the Association of American Medical Colleges,
77(10), 1043-61.

This research article describes the analysis of four years of data on the advancement of
women in academic medicine by the AAMC Increasing Women's Leadership Project
Implementation Committee, which found that the "progress achieved is inadequate".

Bogg, J. (2007). Dr Jekyll and Ms Hide. Nature Jobs. Retrieved May 15, 2007, from
http://www.nature.com/news/2007/070430/full/nj7140-114a.html.

This article in Nature Jobs presents some findings of the Breaking Barriers project,
which is studying the under-representation of women in science, engineering, and
technology.

Boushey, H. (2005). Are Women Opting Out? Debunking the Myth. Washington, D.C.: Center for
Economic and Policy Research. Retrieved May 11, 2007, from
http://www.cepr.net/documents/publications/opt_out_2005_11_2.pdf.

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This briefing report from the Center for Economic and Policy Research suggests that
women are often not employed in the type of jobs that offer flexibility.

Brainard, J. (2007). 9 Women are Elected to the National Academy of Sciences, a 6-Year Low. The
Chronicle of Higher Education. Retrieved May 15, 2007, from
http://chronicle.com/daily/2007/05/2007050201n.htm?rss.

This news article discusses the low percentage of women inducted into the National
Academy of Sciences this year.

Brown, K. (2002). Accomplished Women. HHMI bulletin, June 2002, 20-25. Retrieved May 15, 2007,
from http://www.hhmi.org/bulletin/june2002/women/.

This article from the Howard Hughes Medical Institutes profiles several successful
women in academic science and suggests approaches that universities could develop
to promote women's success.

Carnes, M. (2006). Gender: macho language and other deterrents. Nature, 442(7105), 868.

This letter discusses the changes made in the NIH Pioneer Award process that should
lead to more female recipients.

Carnes, M., & Bland, C. (2007). Viewpoint: A challenge to academic health centers and the National
Institutes of Health to prevent unintended gender bias in the selection of clinical and translational
science award leaders. Academic medicine : journal of the Association of American Medical
Colleges, 82(2), 202-6.

This article discusses how unintended gender bias may play a role in the selection of
CTSA leaders.

Carnes, M., Geller, S., Fine, E., Sheridan, J., & Handelsman, J. (2005). NIH Director's Pioneer Awards:
could the selection process be biased against women? Journal of women's health (2002), 14(8),
684-91.

This article discusses the possibility that the selection process in the Pioneer Awards
disadvantages women scientists.

Carr, P.L., Szalacha, L., Barnett, R., Caswell, C., & Inui, T. (2003). A "ton of feathers": gender
discrimination in academic medical careers and how to manage it. Journal of women's health
(2002), 12(10), 1009-18.

This research article evaluates gender discrimination in academic medicine: how it
hinders careers, and what institutions and leaders can do to improve the climate.

Castillo-Page, L. (2006). Diversity in the Physician Workforce: Facts & Figures 2006. Association of
American Medical Colleges. Retrieved May 21, 2007, from

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https://services.aamc.org/Publications/showfile.cfm?file=version71.pdf&prd_id=161&prv_id=19
1&pdf_id=71.

This report from the Association of American Medical Colleges (AAMC) provides
detailed statistical information on the demographics and practice patterns of the
physician workforce.

Ceci, S., & Williams, W. (2006). Why Aren't More Women in Science? Top Researchers Debate the
Evidence. Retrieved May 11, 2007, from http://books.apa.org/books.cfm?id=4316085.

This publication brings together fifteen essays by researchers on sex differences and innate
ability.

Cleveland, A. (2007). Rensselaer Announces Initiative To Support Advancement of Female Academics.
Retrieved May 15, 2007, from http://news.rpi.edu/update.do?artcenterkey=2042.

This press release announces the RAMP-UP (Reforming Advancement Processes
through University Professions) initiative at Rensselaer, which includes faculty coaches,
pipeline searches, career campaigns, and faculty workshops.

Cohany, S., & Sok, E. (2007). Trends in labor force participation of married mothers of infants. Monthly
Labor Review, February 2007, 9-16. Retrieved May 14, 2007, from
http://www.bls.gov/opub/mlr/2007/02/art2exc.htm.

This Bureau of Labor Statistics article explores the "characteristics of married mothers
of infants", including the recent halt of advancement of their labor force participation
rate.

Creswell, J. (2006). How Suite It Isn't: A Dearth of Female Bosses. The New York Times. Retrieved
May 11, 2007, from
http://www.nytimes.com/2006/12/17/business/yourmoney/17csuite.html?ex=1324011600&en=b
d81c80cacf108ee&ei=5088&partner=rssnyt&emc=rss.

This new article discusses the scarcity of females in leadership roles in business and on
boards.

Curran, P. (2007). Self-confidence key issue facing women in science. Montreal Gazette. Retrieved May
14, 2007, from http://www.canada.com/components/print.aspx?id=925155ae-55f8-4f18-97eb-
74c2acb4617f.

This news article discusses gender bias, possible lack of self-confidence, and sex
discrimination in hiring practices.

Dar-Nimrod, I., & Heine, S.J. (2006). Exposure to Scientific Theories Affects Women's Math
Performance. Science, 314(5798), 435. Retrieved May 11, 2007, from
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/314/5798/435.

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The data in this research brief supports the hypothesis that exposing women to gender
stereotypes affects their performance in math.

Dean, C. (2007). Computer Science Takes Steps to Bring Women to the Fold. The New York Times.
Retrieved May 15, 2007, from
http://www.nytimes.com/2007/04/17/science/17comp.html?ex=1334635200&en=4bb17511692d
d903&ei=5124&partner=permalink&exprod=permalink.

This news article discusses the viewpoint that women are the "canaries in a coal mine"
and how their declining participation in computer science could be an indicator of an
impending decrease in men's participation.

Dobson, K. (2004). MIT Sets New Policy For Maternity Leave. The Tech, 1, 19. Retrieved May 23,
2007, from http://www-tech.mit.edu/V124/N10/9maternity.10n.html.

This news article from the MIT's "The Tech" describes the new maternity leave policy
established by MIT in 2004.

Drago, R., & Williams, J. (2000). A Half-Time Tenure Track Proposal. Change, 32(6), 46-51. Retrieved
May 11, 2007, from http://www.uchastings.edu/site_files/WLL/halftime.pdf.

This articles proposes a model for half-time tenure track, to address the issue of the
tenure period coinciding with the child-bearing period.

Dreifus, C. (2007). A Conversation with Susan L. Lindquist: On the Trail of Parkinson's, Through Yeast
Cells. The New York Times. Retrieved May 15, 2007, from
http://www.nytimes.com/2007/04/24/science/24conv.html?n=Top/Reference/Times
Topics/People/D/Dreifus, Claudia.

In this interview with Susan L. Lindquist, former director of the Whitehead Institute for
Biomedical Research at MIT, she discusses how being a woman has affected her
scientific career and her choice of a life partner.

Ethics committees fall short of gender equality, study suggests. (2007). European Commission:
European Research Headlines. Retrieved May 23, 2007, from
http://ec.europa.eu/research/headlines/news/article_07_03_06_en.html.

This news article discusses the study published in the Journal of Medical Ethics on the
representation of women on research ethics committees in the European Union.

EuroWISTDOM. EuroWISTDOM: European Women in Science TV Drama on Message. Retrieved May
14, 2007, from http://www.eurowistdom.eu/.

EuroWISTDOM: European Women in Science TV Drama on Message
This website announces a support scheme for writers and producers, to promote
science and technology based stories in TV drama productions, with special emphasis

5
on female roles. Supported by the European Commission, this project seeks to build on
the many years of experience gained from a British initiative set up by BBC producers.

Fassinger, R., Arseneau, J., Paquin, J., Walton, H., & Giordan, J. It's Elemental. Retrieved May 14,
2007, from http://www.education.umd.edu/EDCP/enhance_site/.

Project ENHANCE is a three-year National Science Foundation grant?funded study
seeking to understand the experiences of women scientists and engineers. Using the
chemical industry as the model sector, the goals of this are to document and analyze
the career paths of women formally trained in science and engineering and to identify
effective corporate practices in the recruitment, retention, and promotion of women.
Project ENHANCE data revealed five arenas that were found to be critical to women?s
optimal career development: 1) Success and Advancement; 2) Workplace Support and
Climate; 3) Mentoring; 4) Home-Work Intersection; and 5) Company Initiatives.

Fogg, P. (2006). New Maternity Policy for Stanford Ph.D.'s. Retrieved May 23, 2007, from
http://chronicle.com/weekly/v52/i23/23a01102.htm.

This news article discusses the new leave policiy at Stanford for graduate students who give
birth.

Fox, M.F., & Colatrella, C. (2006). Participation, Performance, and Advancement of Women in
Academic Science and Engineering: What is at Issue and Why. The Journal of Technology
Transfer, 31(3), 377-386. Retrieved May 15, 2007, from http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10961-006-
7209-x.

This research article analyzes data from interviews performed at a major research
university and the implications for women's participation, performance, and
advancement.

Friedman, P.K., Arena, C., Atchison, K., Beemsterboer, P.L., Farsai, P., Giusti, J.B., et al. (2004).
Report of the ADEA President's Commission on Mentoring. Journal of dental education, 68(3),
390-6.

This report discusses the impact of race, gender, and culture on mentoring, in addition
to discussing the meaning and benefits of mentoring and potential pitfalls.

Gearon, C. (2007). You're in Good Hands. U.S. News & World Report. Retrieved May 14, 2007, from
http://www.usnews.com/usnews/edu/grad/articles/brief/gbadviser_brief.php.

This news article discusses the importance of having a good fit with your graduate
school advisor.

Ginther , D. (2003). Is MIT an Exception? Gender Pay Differences in Academic Science. Bulletin of
Science, Technology & Society, 23(1), 21-26. Retrieved May 23, 2007, from
http://bst.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/23/1/21.

6
This research article discusses the role that gender bias can have in salaries and
promotions.

Ginther, D. (2004). Why Women Earn Less: Economic Explanations for the Gender Salary Gap in
Science. AWIS Magazine, 33(1). Retrieved May 16, 2007, from
http://people.ku.edu/~dginther/Publications/AWIS%20Magazine%20Ginther%20article.pdf.

This magazine article examines gender differences in academic science salaries and
finds that women's salaries lag behind men's and are not fully explained by differences
in productivity.

Ginther, D., & Kahn, S. (2006). Does Science Promote Women? Evidence from Academia 1973-2001.
NBER Working Paper. Retrieved May 23, 2007, from http://www.nber.org/papers/w12691.

This working paper examines sex differences in the likelihood of obtaining an academic
position and subsequent tenure and finds that fertility decisions do not entirely explained
the gap.

Grapevine, R. (2007). Solving the gender equation: Study shows sterotypes hurt women's maths.
Michigan Daily. Retrieved May 10, 2007, from
http://media.www.michigandaily.com/media/storage/paper851/news/2007/02/20/Academics/Sol
ving.The.Gender.Equation-2730241.shtml.

This news article describes the study "Implicit Stereotypes, Gender Identification, and
Math-Related Outcomes" that suggests that women's performance on math tests can
be influenced by stereotypes that they might not even know they hold. A sample of an
implicit gender stereotyping test is available at Harvard's website
(https://implicit.harvard.edu/implicit/demo).

Gravois, J. (2007). 7 Female Medical Professors Sue Penn State U., Saying They are Paid Less Than
Men. The Chronicle of Higher Education. Retrieved May 23, 2007, from
http://chronicle.com/daily/2007/04/2007042710n.htm?rss.

This news article reports on the lawsuit filed against Penn State University's College of
Medicine on the grounds of gender discrimination in salaries and benefits.

Haberman, C. (2006). NYC; Helping Turn Dreamers Into Doctors. The New York Times. Retrieved May
23, 2007, from http://www.medicalmentor.org/press_ht_news.html.

This news article discusses the Mentoring in Medicine program that matches
disadvantaged students in urban schools with mentors in healthcare professions.

Hamel, M.B., Ingelfinger, J.R., Phimister, E., & Solomon, C.G. (2006). Women in academic medicine--
progress and challenges. The New England journal of medicine, 355(3), 310-2.

7
This article comments on the trends of women as authors of articles in prominent
medical journals that was studies by Jagsi et al. (NEJM 355, 310).

Handelsman, J., Cantor, N., Carnes, M., Denton, D., Fine, E., Grosz, B., et al. (2005). CAREERS IN
SCIENCE: Enhanced: More Women in Science. Science, 309(5738), 1190-1191. Retrieved May
23, 2007, from http://www.sciencemag.org.

This enhanced policy article discusses the barriers that might be leading to an
underrepresentation of women in faculty positions in academia.

Hill, S. (2006). Science and Engineering Doctorate Awards: 2005. Retrieved May 14, 2007, from
http://www.nsf.gov/statistics/nsf07305/.

The data presented in this report show trends in doctoral awards by science and
engineering (S&E) field and recipient characteristics, institutions awarding doctorates,
and postgraduation plans of recipients. The source of the data is the Survey of Earned
Doctorates (SED). The data were developed as part of the Doctorate Data Project. The
Doctorate Data Project consists of the Survey of Earned Doctorates (a census of
research doctorate recipients) and the Survey of Doctorate Recipients (a biennial
survey of the employment of doctoral scientists and engineers).

Hirsch, J.E. (2005). An index to quantify an individual's scientific research output. Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 102(46), 16569-72.

This research article suggests a new index, h, to measure the scientific research output
of an individual in an unbiased fashion. The h index is defined as the number of papers
(h) with citation number greater than or equal to h.

Hirshman, L. (2007). Off to Work She Should Go. The New York Times. Retrieved May 23, 2007, from
http://www.nytimes.com/2007/04/25/opinion/25hirshman.html?ex=1335153600&en=08f740cf6
77843b1&ei=5088&partner=rssnyt&emc=rss.

This news article discusses the transition from the "opt-out revolution" to the new trend
of "opting back in".

Hirshman, L.R. (2007). Get to Work: . . . And Get a Life, Before It's Too Late. Penguin (Non-Classics).
Retrieved from http://www.gettoworkmanifesto.com/book.htm.

This book discusses reasons for why young women leave the workforce to raise
children - "the opt out revolution".

Hoffer, T., Welch, Jr., V., Webber, K., Williams, K., Lisek, B., Hess, M., et al. Doctorate Recipients
from United States Universities Summary Report 2005. Retrieved May 14, 2007, from
http://www.norc.org/projects/Survey+of+Earned+Doctorates.htm.

This yearly report surveys all the new doctorate recipients in the U.S.

8
Holmes, M.A., & O'Connell, S. (2007). Leaks in the Pipeline. Na, 446, 346. Retrieved May 15, 2007,
from http://www.nature.com/naturejobs/2007/070315/full/nj7133-346a.html.

This Nature Jobs article discusses some initiatives that universities are developing or
could develop to promote the advancement of women in academic science and
engineering.

Jagsi, R., Butterton, J.R., Starr, R., & Tarbell, N.J. (2007). A targeted intervention for the career
development of women in academic medicine. Archives of internal medicine, 167(4), 343-5.

This research articles provides the details and evaluation of a Massachusetts General
Hospital awards program to supply bridge funding to junior faculty women during child-
bearing years.

Jagsi, R., Guancial, E.A., Worobey, C.C., Henault, L.E., Chang, Y., Starr, R., et al. (2006). The "Gender
Gap" in Authorship of Academic Medical Literature -- A 35-Year Perspective. N Engl J Med,
355(3), 281-287. Retrieved May 14, 2007, from
http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/abstract/355/3/281.

This research article analyzes the proportion of female authors in six leading medical
journals over a 34-year period.

Jaschik, S. (2006). Federal Inquiry on Women in Science. Inside Higher Education. Retrieved May 11,
2007, from http://insidehighered.com/news/2006/03/28/women.

This news article discusses planned investigations by the Department of Education into
whether colleges and universities are complying with federal anti-bias laws in their
treatment of women in math and science.

Jaschik, S. (2007). 'Why Aren't More Women in Science?'. Inside Higher Education. Retrieved May 15,
2007, from http://insidehighered.com/news/2007/01/03/women.

In this article, Stephen Ceci and Wendy Williams, the editors of a new publication, "Why
Aren't More Women in Science: Top Researchers Debate the Evidence", are
interviewed about women's career advancement.

Jia, H. (2007). Female scientists face discrimination in China. SciDev.net. Retrieved May 15, 2007, from
http://www.scidev.net/News/index.cfm?fuseaction=readNews&itemid=3466&language=1.

This news article summarizes the recent report from the Chinese Academy of Sciences
that describes discrimination faced by female scientists and engineers.

Joyce, A. (2007a). They Open More Doors for Women. The Washington Post, F04. Retrieved May 11,
2007, from http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-
dyn/content/article/2007/02/03/AR2007020300125.html.

9
This news article highlights some of the programs that businesses are developing to
retain females in the workplace.

Joyce, A. (2007b). Developing Boomerang Mothers. The Washington Post, F01. Retrieved May 15,
2007, from http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-
dyn/content/article/2007/03/10/AR2007031000081.html.

This news article highlights four companies that have recently been honored by Catalyst
for their inclusion of women.

Kennedy, D., Austin, J., Urquhart, K., & Taylor, C. (2004). Supply Without Demand. Science,
303(5661), 1105. Retrieved May 11, 2007, from http://www.sciencemag.org.

This editorial suggests that there are too many scientists in the job market, which results
in a labor-excess economy that keeps scientific labor costs low.

Kessel, C. Women in Mathematics: Scarce or Many? Retrieved May 11, 2007, from
http://www.mat.uniroma3.it/scuola_orientamento/echi_stampa/2007/businesswoman-6-2-07.pdf.

This article discusses a few statistics on women in math and then references two recent
publications, "Why Aren't There More Women in Science?" and "Why So Slow?" The
Advancement of Women".

Kiefer, A.K. Implicit stereotypes and gender identification may affect female math performance.
Retrieved May 10, 2007, from http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2007-01/afps-
isa012407.php.

Kiefer, A.K., & Sekaquaptewa, D. (2007). Implicit Stereotypes, Gender Identification, and Math-
Related Outcomes: A Prospective Study of Female College Students. Psychological Science,
18(1), 13-18. Retrieved May 10, 2007, from http://www.blackwell-
synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2007.01841.x.

This research article suggests that women's performance on math tests can be
influenced by stereotypes that they might not even know they hold.

Kincaid, J. (2007). Catalyst: Still a Scientist. Retrieved May 14, 2007, from
http://chronicle.com/jobs/news/2007/03/2007030201c/careers.html.

One of the X-gals discusses the common definition of success in science and considers
how it could be broadened beyond the tenure track position.

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Laine, C., & Turner, B.J. (2004). Unequal Pay for Equal Work: The Gender Gap in Academic Medicine.
Ann Intern Med, 141(3), 238-240. Retrieved May 15, 2007, from http://www.annals.org.

This editorial discusses the article in the same issue of Annals of Internal Medicine (vol.
141, page 205) that studied the compensation and advancement gap between women
and men who are professionally similar.

Long, J.S., Allison, P.D., & McGinnis, R. (1993). Rank Advancement in Academic Careers: Sex
Differences and the Effects of Productivity. American Sociological Review, 58(5), 703-722.
Retrieved May 16, 2007, from http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0003-
1224%28199310%2958%3A5%3C703%3ARAIACS%3E2.0.CO%3B2-F.

This research article summarizes the sex differences in rank advancement in academic
science careers for biochemists and concludes that when all else is equal, women are
promoted more slowly than men.

Louis, L. (2006). Catalyst: The X-Gals Alliance. Chronicle of Higher Education Careers. Retrieved
May 14, 2007, from http://chronicle.com/jobs/news/2006/10/2006100201c/careers.html.

One of the X-gals discusses the relationship between child care and productivity in the
lab.

Louis, L. Catalyst: Life as a Mother-Scientist. Chronicle of Higher Education Careers. Retrieved May
14, 2007, from http://chronicle.com/jobs/news/2006/12/2006120101c/careers.html.

One of the "X-gals" talks about the group and the difficulties that many women face in
academic science.

Magrane, D., & Lang, J. Women in U.S. Academic Medicine Statistics and Medical School
Benchmarking 2005-2006. Retrieved May 21, 2007, from
http://www.aamc.org/members/wim/statistics/stats06/start.htm.

This analysis in brief provides an overview and analysis of 2006-2006 data from
sources across the AAMC: the Student Records System, GME Track, the Faculty
Roster, and the Directory of American Medical Education. Links to previous years data
can be accessed from this website.

Maines, R. (2007). Why Women Become Veterinarians but not Engineers. The Chronicle of Higher
Education, B9. Retrieved May 23, 2007, from
http://chronicle.com/weekly/v53/i38/38b00901.htm?top20.

This article discusses the gender imbalance (towards females) present in veterinarian
medicine, as compared to the gender imbalance (towards males) typically seen in other
medicines, sciences, and engineering fields.

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Malcolm, S., Teich, A., Jesse, J.K., Campbell, L., Babco, E., & Bell, N. Preparing Women and
Minorities for the IT Workforce. Retrieved May 14, 2007, from
http://www.aaas.org/publications/books_reports/ITW/.

This report by the AAAS Education and Human Resources Programs, AAAS Science &
Policy Programs, and the Commission on Professionals in Science and Technology
examines the role of nontraditional educational pathways in preparing women and
underrepresented minorities for the information technology (IT) workforce. It was
sparked by the finding that the nation?s number one producer of bachelor?s degrees in
information technology and computer science (IT/CS) was not a major research
university, but instead was Strayer University, a for-profit institution with many
campuses in the Washington, DC, metropolitan area. Not only was Strayer the top
producer overall, but it also produced the largest number of women and African
American graduates with baccalaureates in IT/CS.

Mann, M., & Wolff, J. (2007). San Diego Source > News > Finding the balance between professional
and personal life. San Diego Tribune. Retrieved May 15, 2007, from
http://www.sddt.com/News/article.cfm?SourceCode=20070417crp.

In this news article, two shareholders with Heller Ehrman, LLP discuss the initiatives
that their company is undertaking to increase women's representation and improve
work/life balance.

Martin, C. (2006). Wake Up, Employers: Working Moms Are Giving Up. Retrieved May 11, 2007, from
http://www.alternet.org/story/45557/.

This news article describes a film, book, and grassroots movement that are seeking to
answer the question "What can we do to change work/family policy in this country so
that mothers and fathers, and those who are caring for aging parents, can live their
fullest lives?"

McGinn, D. (2006). Getting Back on Track - Leadership and Innovation. Newsweek(September 25,
2006), 62-66. Retrieved May 11, 2007, from
http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/14869072/site/newsweek/print/1/displaymode/1098/.

This news articles discusses strategies that some companies are taking to recruit and
retain women in the workforce.

McGreevey, S. (2007). MGH research award helps women establish scientific careers. EurekAlert.
Retrieved May 15, 2007, from http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2007-02/mgh-
mra022107.php.

This press release describes the new awards established by Massachusetts General
Hospital to provide bridge funding to junior faculty women during their child-bearing
years (as described in Archives of Internal Medicine 167: 343).

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McGuire, L.K., Bergen, M.R., & Polan, M.L. (2004). Career advancement for women faculty in a U.S.
school of medicine: perceived needs. Academic medicine : journal of the Association of
American Medical Colleges, 79(4), 319-25.

This research article discusses a survey instrument that was used at Stanford to
determine what is required to attract, retain, and advance women in the academy.

Millman, S. (2007). To Encourage Women, Princeton U. Expands Benefits for Graduate Students With
Children. The Chronicle of Higher Education. Retrieved May 23, 2007, from
http://chronicle.com/daily/2007/04/2007040503n.htm.

This news article discusses new benefits established for graduate students, including
paid leave to birth mothers and extensions of deadlines and financial support for
primary caregivers of both sexes.

Minorities in Medical Education: Facts & Figures 2005. (2005). Association of American Medical
Colleges. Retrieved May 21, 2007, from
https://services.aamc.org/Publications/showfile.cfm?file=version53.pdf&prd_id=133&prv_id=15
4&pdf_id=53.

This report from the Association of American Medical Colleges (AAMC) contains data
on minorities in medical education, related to the pre-college part of the education
pipeline leading to the M.D. degree, medical school graduates, and medical school
faculty, as well as data from the 2000 U.S. Census.

Missing Persons: Minorities in the Health Professions; A Report of the Sullivan Commission on
Diversity in the Healthcare Workforce. (2004). The Sullivan Commission. Retrieved May 21,
2007, from http://www.amsa.org/div/Sullivan_Commission.pdf.

This report from the Sullivan Commission, which was endorsed by the American
Medical Student Association, provides detailed recommendations on how to increase
the representation of minorities in the nation's medical, dental and nursing workforce.

Moerman, C.J., Haafkens, J.A., S�derstr�m, M., R�sky, E., Maguire, P., Maschewsky-Schneider, U., et
al. (2007). Gender equality in the work of local research ethics committees in Europe: a study of
practice in five countries. Journal of medical ethics, 33(2), 107-12.

This research article examines research ethics committees in the European Union for
representation of women and gender expertise and found that all countries have rules,
albeit informal, to ensure the presence of women.

Murray, M. (2007). Catalyst: Too Few Choices. Retrieved May 14, 2007, from
http://chronicle.com/jobs/news/2007/02/2007020201c/careers.html.

One of the X-gals discusses whether women are "choosing themselves" out of an
academic career or whether institutions and society are doing the choosing.

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Nattinger, A.B. (2007). Promoting the career development of women in academic medicine. Archives of
internal medicine, 167(4), 323-4.

This editorial comments on the importance of institutional programs to recruit and retain
women, an example of which was published in the same issue of Archives of Internal
Medicine (Volume 167, Page 343).

Ouellette, J. (2007). Scientists in love: When two worlds collide. Nature Jobs. Retrieved May 15, 2007,
from http://www.nature.com/news/2007/070212/full/445700a.html.

In this special report from Nature, the author discusses how married scientists handle
being a dual-career couple.

Peterson, H., & Kantrowitz, B. Women Leaders: Lessons We Have Learned. , 74-78. Retrieved May 11,
2007, from http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/14870681/site/newsweek/.

This news article features accomplished women leaders sharing lessons learned about
success and failure in careers. Includes: Ruth Simmons, President of Brown University;
Martina Navratilova, Hall of Fame tennis champion; Ellen Futter, President of the
American Museum of Natural History and former President of Barnard College;
Meredith Vieira, Co-host of the "Today" Show; Adele Hodges, Marine colonel and
commander and Camp Lejeune; Renetta McCann, CEO of Starcom MediaVest Group;
Anne Stevens, Departing COO of Ford Motor Co.; and Diane Von Furstenberg,
President of the Council of Fashion Designers of America.

Pfund, C., Maidl Pribbenow, C., Branchaw, J., Miller Lauffer, S., & Handelsman, J. (2006).
PROFESSIONAL SKILLS: Enhanced: The Merits of Training Mentors. Science, 311(5760),
473-474. Retrieved May 23, 2007, from http://www.sciencemag.org.

This enhanced policy article discusses the importance of mentoring for increasing
productivity, training quality, and diversity and how the Wisconsin Mentoring Seminar
was implemented and evaluated.

Poullennac, S. (2007). More women needed in science, MIT prof. says. The Daily Free Press. Retrieved
May 15, 2007, from
http://media.www.dailyfreepress.com/media/storage/paper87/news/2007/03/09/News/More-
Women.Needed.In.Science.Mit.Prof.Says-2771008.shtml.

This news article highlights comments from Lotte Bailyn, encouraging women to pursue
careers in academic science.

Professional Women and Minorities: A Total Human Resources Data Compendium; 16th Edition.
(2006). Commission on Professionals in Science and Technology. Retrieved May 11, 2007, from
http://www.cpst.org/pwm16TOC.cfm.

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This report from the Commission on Professionals in Science and Technology found
that although women and minorities still lag behind white men in education and
employment in science and engineering, both groups have been closing this gap over
the last 40 years.

Robinson, M., Pfeffer, C., & Buccigrossi, J. Business Case for Diversity with Inclusion. Retrieved May
16, 2007, from http://workforcediversitynetwork.com/docs/Business_Case_3.pdf.

This article from the Workforce Diversity Network suggests that organizations that can
leverage the diversity of their workforce are better able to adapt to changes in the
external environment.

Silver, P.A. (2007). Why do so few women speak at science meetings? Nature, 446(7138), 856.
Retrieved May 15, 2007, from http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/446856c.

This letter to the editor remarks that the poor representation of women speakers at
scientific meetings is an illustration of the problem discussed by Holmes and O'Connell
in the March 15 issue of Nature.

Slagle, D. (2007). How Mentoring Can Have a Positive Impact on Your Life. Jet. Retrieved May 23,
2007, from http://www.medicalmentor.org/press_postive_impact_news.html.

This magazine article discusses the Mentoring in Medicine program that matches
disadvantaged students in urban schools with mentors in healthcare professions.

Smaglik, P. (2007). Declinining female participation may be a harbinger for computer science as a
whole. Nature, 446, 1111. Retrieved May 15, 2007, from
http://www.nature.com/naturejobs/2007/070426/full/nj7139-1111a.html.

This article discusses the viewpoint that women are the "canaries in a coal mine" and
how their declining participation in computer science could be an indicator of an
impending decrease in men's participation.

Spanne, A. (2007). INSIDE SCIENCE: Women in science: Addressing the barriers. South Coast Today.
Retrieved May 15, 2007, from
http://www.southcoasttoday.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20070409/OPINION/704090305/-
1/OPINION04.

This news article features Nancy O'Connor, chair of the UMass Dartmouth Biology
Department, discussing barriers faced by women in academic careers.

Starting at the top. (2007). Nature, 447(7141), 115-116. Retrieved May 15, 2007, from
http://www.nature.com/news/2007/070508/full/447115b.html.

This editorial discusses the low number of women (9 of 72) elected this year to the U.S.
National Academy of Science.

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Steiger, K. (2007a). Madame President. CampusProgress.org. Retrieved May 15, 2007, from
http://campusprogress.org/features/1434/madame-president.

This news article discusses the new Harvard University president, Drew Gilpin Faust,
and the barriers that women face in academia.

Steiger, K. (2007b). Mommy Tracked. CampusProgress.org. Retrieved May 15, 2007, from
http://campusprogress.org/features/1469/mommy-tracked.

This news article discusses discrimination against female professors during the tenure
process.

Steiger, K. (2007c). Publish or Parent? Retrieved May 15, 2007, from
http://campusprogress.org/features/1509/publish-or-parent.

This news article discusses difficult decisions that women in science often face about
balancing work and parenthood.

Steinpreis, R., Anders, K., & Ritzke, D. (1999). The Impact of Gender on the Review of the Curricula
Vitae of Job Applicants and Tenure Candidates: A National Empirical Study. Sex Roles, 41(7-8),
509-528. Retrieved May 15, 2007, from
http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/klu/sers/1999/00000041/F0020007/00292305.

This research article uncovers gender biases held by both men and women when
assessing an other identical male and female biopsychologist's job and tenure
application.

Thacker, P. (2007). Progress Over the Long Term. Retrieved May 11, 2007, from
http://insidehighered.com/news/2007/01/09/science.

This news article references the report from the Commission on Professionals in
Science and Technology that found that although women and minorities still lag behind
white men in education and employment in science and engineering, both groups have
been closing this gap over the last 40 years.

Thomas, J. (2007). Turing Award Winner Sees New Day for Women Scientists, Engineers. Retrieved
May 15, 2007, from http://usinfo.state.gov/xarchives/display.html?p=washfile-
english&y=2007&m=March&x=200703161544091CJsamohT0.4695856.

In Current Issues, the U.S. Department of State interviews Frances Allen, the first
female winner of computer science's prestigious Turing Award.

Valian, V. (1999). Why So Slow? The Advancement of Women. The MIT Press.

This book offers reasons for the slow advancement of women in careers.

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Vedantam, S. (2005). See No Bias (washingtonpost.com). Washington Post Magazine, W12. Retrieved
May 17, 2007, from http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A27067-
2005Jan21_4.html.

This news article describes the Implicit Association Test and how it can uncover
unknown biases held by a majority of the population. The Implicit Association Test can
be found at: https//implicit.harvard.edu/implicit.

Wasley, P. (2007). Pay Gap Between Men and Women Begins Immediately After Graduation, Study
Says. Retrieved May 23, 2007, from http://chronicle.com/daily/2007/04/2007042304n.htm.

This news article describes the findings of the report recently published by the American
Association of University Women Education Foundation, which says that women's
salaries are lower than men's salaries.

Wenneras, C., & Wold, A. (1997). Nepotism and sexism in peer-review. Nature, 387(6631), 341-343.
Retrieved May 15, 2007, from http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/387341a0.

This research article showcases the biases present in the peer review system in
Sweden.

West, M., & Curtis, J. AAUP Faculty Gender Equity Indicators 2006. Retrieved May 14, 2007, from
http://www.aaup.org/AAUP/pubsres/research/geneq2006.htm.

This report provides data on four measures of gender equity for faculty at over 1,400
colleges and universities across the country. The individual campus listings included in
the report will serve to promote discussion of faculty gender equity at the local level,
where the success of existing strategies to improve the situation of women academics
can best be evaluated.

Williams, J., Manvell, J., & Bornstein, S. (2006). Opt Out or Pushed Out?: How the Press Covers
Work/Family Conflict; The Untold Story of Why Women Leave the Workforce. Hastings,
California: WorkLife Law, UC Hastings College of Law. Retrieved May 11, 2007, from
http://www.uchastings.edu/site_files/WLL/OptOutPushedOut.pdf.

This report presents a content analysis of 119 print news stories that discuss women
leaving the workplace, published between 1980 and 2006, in the context of the "Opt-out
revolution".

Women in Science? Some Fare Better Than Others. (2007). Diverse Issues in Higher Education.
Retrieved May 23, 2007, from
http://www.diverseeducation.com/artman/publish/article_7042.shtml.

This news article from Brown University's "Diverse" discusses the CPST report,
"Professional Women and Minorities" and suggests that women are faring better than
minorities.

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Yedidia, M.J., & Bickel, J. (2001). Why aren't there more women leaders in academic medicine? the
views of clinical department chairs. Academic medicine : journal of the Association of American
Medical Colleges, 76(5), 453-65.

In this research report, open-ended interviews with clinical department chairs lead to the
conclusion that barriers to the advancement of women exist universally in academic
medicine.